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I'. ' 







MAURY’S GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. 


Elementary Geography 


DESIGNED FOR 

PRIMARY AND INTERMEDIATE 
CLASSES. 


Reinsed and Abridged from the '''Mrst Lessons ” and “ World we Live In'" of 


M. F. MAURY, LL.D. 






re JUL 16 

^ NO..././.: 
Of 


16 m\ . 


NEM^ YORK : 

UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. 

i88i. 





PREFACE. 


The “ Elementary Geography ” is designed as a compan¬ 
ion to the “ Manual of Geography.” The two together 
form a complete series. 

Before the author’s death he had begun the revision of 
“ The World we Live In,” and the “First Lessons in Ge¬ 
ography.” In carrying out his intentions it has been de¬ 
cided to combine these two into one. 

The general plan of the work accords with the views of 
the best and most recent writers on normal methods of 
education. 

The first portion of the book is introductory. Its design 
is to give, in an easy and attractive style, correct concep¬ 
tions of direction, distance, the shape and size of the earth, 
forms of land and water, and other kindred topics. “ Oral 
Exercises ” have been suggested wherever the nature of the 
subject seemed to call for them. 

The second portion of the book is descriptive. In it the 
most conspicuous and interesting features of each countiy 
are presented. The • occupations, manners and customs 
of the different nations of the world are so described as 
to impart a clear and vivid picture of their social condi¬ 
tion. Burdensome details, however, have been carefully 
excluded. 

The opening portion of each Lesson is intended to be 
read by the pupil, so as to afford opportunity for comment 
and explanation by the teacher, before the task of com¬ 
mitting to memory is assigned. Following the reading 
matter are questions and answers, the latter of which em¬ 


body, in carefully chosen language, the points most impor¬ 
tant to be fixed in the pupil’s mind. It is hardly neces¬ 
sary to say that these questions and answers are not 
exhaustive. “Reviews ” have been placed after the treat¬ 
ment of each continent, and at the close of the book. 

Some of the leading principles of Physical Geography 
have been introduced, to quicken interest and awaken in¬ 
quiry. The explanations employed are simple. The 
youngest pupil cannot fail to understand them. 

The maps are unsurpassed in clearness and beauty. 
Special care has been taken to avoid too much detail, 
which, as teachers well know, is sadly confusing to the 
young pupil. The illustrations have been prepared by 
eminent artists to accompany the text, and will be found 
both pleasing and instructive. The typographical execu¬ 
tion of the work commends itself. 

The pronunciation of difficult words has been insei-ted 
in the text, in italics, immediately after the words where 
they first appear. 

It is believed that the progressive teacher will find the 
volume, in all its details, thoroughly adapted to his 
work. 

The reviser takes pleasure in acknowledging the valu¬ 
able counsel and efficient aid he has received, in the prep¬ 
aration of the work, from instructors of large experience 
and eminent success in the school-room. 

Mytton Maury. 

New York, June, 1881. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 

Direction. 

Distance. 

The Earth . 

Surface op the Earth. 

The Land . 

The Water. 

The Earth Rotates. 

The Earth Revolves. 

Climate and Zones. 

Plants. 

Animals. 

Minerals. 

Occupations. 

Government and Religion. 
Races op Men, Civilization 

The Hemispheres. 

Continents and Oceans.... 

Map of Hemispheres . 


PAGE 

4 


8 

9 

9 

. 11 
. 13 

. 14 

. 15 

. 16 
. 17 

. 18 
. 19 

, 20 
21 

. 22 
23 
24,25 


PAGE 

NORTH AMERICA. 27 

Map . 29 

United States. .30 

Map .32,33 

New England States. .36 

Map . .39 

Middle Atlantic States. 40 

Map . 43 

Southern States. 46 

Map .48,49 

Central States. 51 

Map . 52 

Rockt Mountain and Pacific 

States and Territories. 56 

Map . 50 

Review op the United States. 61 

Dominion of Canada. 62 

Map . 63 

Mexico. 60 

Map . 67 

Review op North America. 68 




PAGE 

SOUTH AMERICA. 69 

Map . 73 

Review of South America. 76 

EUROPE. 76 

British Isles. 78 

Map . 79 

Map of Europe . 81 

Northern and Central Europe.82,83 

Southern Europe. 85 

Review of Europe. 87 

ASIA. 87 

Map . 92 

Review op Asia. 95 

AFRICA. 96 

Hap . 99 

Review op Africa . loi 

AUSTRALIA. loi 

Hap . 102 

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE . 103 

REVIEWS. 104 


Copyright, 1870, 1871, by M. F. Maurt. 
Copyriglit, 1881, by the University Publishing Company. 





































































1NTKODUCTORY LESSONS. 


LESSON I. 

To be read by the pupil. 

Is it not jjleasaiit to go and see other boys and 
girls at their homes ? Suppose you live in the 
city and visit a country friend, how many new 
things you will see ! 

You go into the fields, and see that corn grows 
on tall stalks, and that potatoes are dug out of 
the ground. You may see a great field of ripe 
yellow wheat, and be told that the seeds of that 
wheat will be ground at the mill into flour. 

In some places you may see the fields all white 
with cotton, which some day may be made into 
clothing for you to wear. 

If the country boy or girl visits a friend in the 
city or town, there are also a great many things 
to be seen; and I do not know which sees and 


learns more, the country child who visits the city, 
or the city child who visits the country. 

In this little book we are going to learn about 
the world and the dilferent kinds of people and 
animals that live in it, and about the places where 
they live. 

We shall learn a great deal that is new and 
strange. We shall find out what the people do, 
what kind of food they eat, what sort of clothes 
they wear, and what kind of houses they live 
in. 

This we call studying Geography. 

Oral Exercise. 

Such questions as the following may be asked : Have 
you ever visited a friend in the country (or city) ? What 
were the people doing ? What kind of houses did you 
see ? What plants ? Would you like to know about other 
people and other places ? What, then, must you study ? 





















4 


DIRECTION. 


Note. —The “ Lessons,” it will be noticed, consist of two 
parts—one for reading, the other for recitation. 

It is earnestly recommended that the portion marked for 
reading should be read aloud by the pupils in class. The 
“ oral exercises,” though placed after the reading exercises, 
are designed to be used before or in immediate connection 
with them. If the two be thus employed, pupils will gain 
an intelligent understanding of the matter before commit¬ 
ting anything to memory. It will be useful to teach the 
meaning and jironunciation of unfamiliar words which may 
occur in the reading lesson, before it is read. 

The portion marked for recitation is intended to be given 
as a lesson on the day following the use of the reading 
and oral exercises. The questions are not exhaustive. They 
may be varied, or additional ones may be used at the dis¬ 
cretion of teachers. 


LESSON II. 

DIRECTION. 

To be read by the pupil. 

Suppose you are going for the first time to 
visit the home of a friend. One question that 
you will ask before starting will be, “ Which is 
the way ? ” If you do not know the way you may 
be lost. 

Once a little girl who lived in New York was Adsiting 
some friends. In the evening she wished to go back to 
her mother’s house. She walked and walked, but did not 
find her home. She was frightened, and began to cry. A 
policeman saw her, and kindly took her home. She had 
gone the wrong way. 

Now the way to a place is called direction.* 

And when w^e are learning about any people 
or places, one of the things we wish to know is, 
in what direction they are from us. 

We can learn about direction from the sun. 
The part of the sky where it rises is called the 
east. So if, some bright morning, we are walking 
with the sun shining in our face, we cannot help 
knowing that we are going toward the east. 

Point to where the sun rises. Which is the east side of 
the school-room? 

The part of the sky where the sun sets is called 
the west. The west is just opposite the east. If 
we walk so that the setting sun shines in our 
face, we are going toward the west. 


Point to where the sun sets. Point to the west side of 
the school-room. 

If we walk with the morning sun upon our 
right side, we shall be going toward the north. 
If we should meet a boy walking in the opposite 
way, he would be going toward the south. 

The sun, we see, helps us to learn the principal 
directions, north, south, east and west. These 
are what w^e call fixed points. 

If the place to which we are going lies half¬ 
way between the north and east, it is called north¬ 
east. If it is half-way between north and west, 
the direction is nortlmest. If the place is half- 
; way between south and east, the direction is called 
southeast. And if it is half-way between south 
and west, then the direction is southwest. 

Point to the northeast; southwest; northwest; south¬ 
east. 

! 

From what we have now learned we see that 
when the sun shines it is easy to tell in what di¬ 
rection we are going. But there is something 
which shows direction even better than the sun. 

Sometimes people are days and days at sea 
without seeing the land, and with nothing but 
sky above them and water all around. Often the 

sky is covered 
with clouds, 
and the sun 
cannot be 
seen. How 
do they know 
which way to 
go? They use 
what is called 
the Com'pass. 
In it there is 
a little needle 
made of steel 

that always points toward the north. 

With a compass, therefore, we can always tell 


* Note. —The subject of direction may be made interesting 
by referring to the southward flight of birds of passage as 
winter approaches, and to their return in spring. Show 
how curiously instinct teaches them which way to go. They 
are said to go in a direct north and south line. (See an 
encyclopaedia.) Show the pupils, if possible, a real compass. 

















DIRECTION AND DISTANCE 


which way is north. And if we know where north 
is, we can also tell the south, the east and the west. 

The Indians and hunters who catch animals for their 
fur live a great deal in the forests. Often there are no 
roads to guide them. Sometimes it is very cloudy, and 
they cannot see the sun. They are said to have a very 
curious way of finding out then where the north is. 

Moss grows best in shady places, and generally grows 
thickest on the north side of the trunks of trees, because 
the sun does not shine much on that side. 

The hunters and Indians, therefore, look to see which 
side of the trees is covered with moss. They know that 
the mossy side is the north side. The moss is to them as 
good a friend as the compass needle to the sailor. 

Oral Exercises. 

Impress carefully upon the minds of pupils the necessity 
of fixed, unchangeable ■ points of direction, which can be 
understood by everybody. 

Ask the pupils to point to the right ; to the left ; before 
them ; behind them. Then show that all these directions 
are variable in their meaning. Thus : Who sits on your I 
right hand? On your left? In front of you? Behind you? 
Turn round. Who is on your right now? Behind you? 
Before? On your left? Point to the right. Turn round. 
Point to the right now. Does pointing to the right, to 
the left, in front, or behind, always give you the same 
direction ? 

Having shown the indefiniteness of such expressions for 
directions as right, left, before, behind, pass on to a thor¬ 
ough drill on the fixed directions. Let this be repeated 
daily, until every pupil can point, without hesitation, to 
the four principal directions, and to the four half-way di¬ 
rections. 

Ask on which side of the school-room the sun rises. On 
which side it sets. Which is the east side of pupils’ desks ? 
Which the west ? The north ? the south ? Who sits to 
the east, west, north and south of them? In what direc¬ 
tion the teacher’s desk is. In what dii-ection the children 
go from school to their homes ; and in what direction they 
come from their homes to school. 

Let them tell in what directions the most familiar ob¬ 
jects, such as the church, the post-office, or the city hall, 
are from their school and home. i 

Vary the drill and exercises. In taking up the drill 
work in connection with different lessons, avoid as far as 
possible asking the questions in exactly the same words. 


Exercise in Writing:.—lu the oral exercises require the 
pupils to tell what they have learned, while the teacher 
writes on the blackboard at their dictation. Pupils suffi¬ 
ciently advanced may themselves write a summary of what j 
they have learned in each lesson. 

This will prove a valuable composition exercise. The 
work may be done on slates and copied in a blank book. 


* 5 

For Recitation. 

What do you mean by direction ? 

Direction is the way to a place. 

What are the chief directions ? 

North, south, east and west are the chief 
directions. 

How can you tell where the east is ? 

The east is the part of the sky where the sun 
rises. 

Where is the west ? 

That part of the sky where the sun sets is 
the west. 

Where is the north? 

If I stand with my right hand toward the 
east, then my face is turned to the north. 

Where is the south ? 

The south is just opposite the north, 
j What other points of direction are often spoken of ? 

Other points spoken of are ; northeast, half¬ 
way between north and east; northwest, 
half-way between north and west; southeast, 
half-way between south and east; south- 
west, half-way between south and west. 

What shows direction better than anything else ? 

The needle of the compass shows direction 
better than anything else. 


LESSON III. 

DISTANCE. 

To be read by the pupil. 

In order to find a place it is not enough to 
know in what direction it is from us. We must 
also know how far away it is, or the distance we 
shall have to go before reaching it. 

If we only know that the house of a friend is east 
of ours, we cannot tell just where it is. But if 
we know that it is east of ours, and know also how 
far east, then we can tell very nearly where it is. 

The honey-bee knows exactly in what direction it must 
fly when it wishes to go home, and it knows also the dis¬ 
tance, or just how far it must fly. 

The mother bird that has four little ones in a nest in the 
tree, knows not only in what direction she must fly, but 
how far she must fly, so as to get back to the nest. 













6 


MOKE ABOUT DIRECTION AND DISTANCE. 


The bees and birds find out direction and distance by 
instinct. We have to learn. 

We have already seen how we learn about direc¬ 
tion. Let us now see how we learn about distance. 

Very often we do not need to be exact. It is 
enough to know that a place is “ very far off ” or 
‘‘very near.” But sometimes we must know just 
what the distance is. To find out this we measure. 

How do we measure ? Half the length of a 
man’s thumb is about an inch. Some large men’s 
feet are twelve inches long. Twelve inches are 
called a foot. Three feet make the measure that 
we call a yard. Five and a half yards make what 
we call a rod. 

With these measures we can easily find out short 
distances. We can see how long the school-room 
is, or how long and how wide the playground is. 

But for very long distances we must have very 
long measures ; and so Ave call the distance of 320 
rods one mile. We can walk a mile in about 
twenty-five or thirty minutes. So if it takes us 
half an hour to walk from our home to school, 
the distance is about a mile. 

For Recitation. 

If we wish to go to any place, what must we know be¬ 
sides the direction ? 

To go to any place, we must know the distance 
as well as the direction. 

What is meant by the distance between two places ? 

By the distance between two places, we mean 
how far it is from one to the other. 

Pupils should he required to memorize the following 
table: 

12 inches are one foot. yards are one rod. 

3 feet “ “ yard. 320 rods “ “ mile. 


Note. —Instruct pupils that the above table is used in 
measuring lengths, widths and heights. Explain that the 
law requires all measures to agree with the standards. Give 
practice in estimating lengths and distances by the eye. 
Use bundles of sticks or lines drawn on slate or blackboard. 
Let the estimates be verified by actual measurements. 
Drive pegs into the ground two feet apart, and let pupils 
pace a given distance, as, for instance, ten yards. Let them 
estimate the dimensions of the school-room. With city 
classes, state how many blocks or squares make a mile. 
Direct the class to measure at home how tall they are. 


LESSON IV. 

MOKE ABOUT DIRECTION AND DISTANCE. 


To he read by the pupil. 

1. We have uow been talking and thinking* 
a great deal about direction and distance. In 
this lesson we will try to understand how they 
are represented to the eye. To do this we use 
what we call plans, or maps. But what are they ? 

We all know what pictures are. Here Ave see a 
])icture of a school-room. 



It almost seems as if we were in it. There are the desks 
and blackboards, the clock and the teacher’s desk, all look¬ 
ing just like the things themselves. 

Pictures, then, are draAvings which show how 
things look. 

2. Plans, or maps, are different. They are draw¬ 
ings Avhich show 
Avhere things are. 
They tell in what 
direction things 
are from each 
other, and hoAv 
far apart they are. 

Here AA^e have 
a plan of the 
school-room, the 
picture of Avhich 
is shoAvn above. 
Let us make a 
plan of our oavii school-room on the blackboard. 




































































































































































DIRECTION AND D 1 S T A N C E. — P L A N 0 E TOWNSHIP. 


7 


The first thing is to represent the sides. Suppose we 
measure them. We can see that they cannot be drawn on 
the blackboard as long as they really are. That would 
take too much room. 

So we will let one inch on the blackboard represent one 
foot. Then we will draw all the sides so many inches long, 
instead of so many feet long. 

Now how shall we show directions in our plan ? We 
cannot show them exactly as they are; but we will call the 
top of the plan north, the right hand east, the bottom 
south, and the left hand west. 

We have now drawn the school-room floor. 
Bnt there is nothing on it. That will net er do. 
So we will make some 
little marks that shall 
show jnst Avhere the 
desks and chairs are. 

Then Ave shall have a 
])lan, or map, of the 
school-room floor and 
of the things upon it. 

Our plan is a great deal 
smaller than the floor 
really is, but all the parts 
arc made smaller alike, or 
in proportion. The plan is 
said to be drawn on a, scale 
of an inch to a foot, which 
means that eA^ery inch on 
the plan stands for a foot. 

Noav Avhat does the 
})lan show ? It shoAvs 
just where everything 
is, in Avhat direction 
things are from one 
another, and how far apart they are. 

We can see that the teacher sits to the south of the pu¬ 
pils, that the door is on the north side, the windows on the 



east. We can see in what direction each pupil is from 
every other. 

Then again we can tell how far each thing is from every 
other. If it is twenty inches on the plan from one boy’s 
desk to the door, you know that that boy has to walk 
twenty feet to reach the door when he is going home, be¬ 
cause every inch stands for one foot.* 

3. Plan of Township.—On this page we have a 
plan, or map, of a township. It sIioavs, like the 
plan of the school-room, direction and distance. 

There is one road going directly north and south, another 
east and west. The river runs southeast; the factory lies 

northwest of the village. 

Notice the scale on the 
plan. One inch stands for 
one mile. Cut a slip of 
paper just as long as the 
scale, and use it to measure 
with. We see that it is 
about one mile from the 
centre of the village to the 
factory, and about two 
miles to the house of Mr. 
Smith. 


We can also learn 
from this plan more of 
what is meant by boun¬ 
daries. 

The river is on tlie east¬ 
ern side of the village. It 
is said to form the eastern 
boundary. If we walk in 
the opposite direction, we 
come to the last houses of 
the village. Then the fields 
begin. The fields, there¬ 
fore. bound the village on the west. The fields and the 
riA’er bound it on the north, f 


* Note. —Let the pupils, under the teacher’s guidance, ac¬ 
tually measure the school or class room, decide upon a scale, 
different from the one above suggested, and draw the plan 
upon such scale. Let them, in like manner, measure the 
school grounds and make a plan of them. Here teach 
meaning of boundaries. Explain that everything must be 
drawn in proportion. To make this clear, draw a human 
face on a large scale with a very small body. 

Be careful to correct the idea that north is up, in the 
sense of being overhead, and dwell upon the fact that it is 
only for convenience that the top is chosen for the north, 
etc. Tell the pupils that on all plans and maps this is the 
common mode of showing direction. 


i f Note.— Next draw a plan of the pupils’ own town. 
I Then take up the map of the county, and, following this, 
that of the State. Let the class compare the scales of the 
several maps and tell why they differ. Point out boundaries 
of county or State. 

Explain how much we may learn of direction, distance, 
and relative positions of places we have never seen, by the 
study of maps. 

Reference may also be made to the fact that while maps 
may not be so pleasing to the eye, and do not show us just 
how the places look, as pictures do, they are far better for 
representing large surfaces; because they can be drawn to 
a scale of many miles to an inch, and yet be accurate guides. 
If we should try to make a picture on such a scale, it would 
not be possible to represent the objects properly. 






















































































8 


LARGER MAPS.—THE EARTH; ITS SHAPE. 


4. Larger Maps.—Now as we make maps of 
townships, so we make maps of counties, states 
and whole countries. In some maps, as we shall 
soon learn, half of the earth is shown at once. 

The scale of such a map will be very small. 
An inch may represent more than a thousand 
miles. 

For Recitation. 

What do plans, or maps, show ? 

Plans, or maps, show where things are, and in 
what direction they are from one another. 

How much land can be shown on a map ? 

A map may show a whole country, or half 
the earth, or even the whole earth. 

For City Schools.— Instead of township map, present a 
plan of the city. Show where the school is, and let the 
pupils tell how far it is from their homes to the school. 
Next let them measure on the map and see whether it agrees 
with what they know to be the fact. Then let them measure 
distances between objects that are less familiar. 

Let them explain in what direction the city hall and 
post-office and other prominent buildings are from their 
homes and the school. Tell them how, in visiting a strange 
city for the first time, people can, by studying a plan, be 
prepared to find their way almost anywhere as soon as they 
arrive. Thus show them the value of city plans. 

Ask them to point out what bounds the city on each side; 
what rivers are near it; what railroads enter it, and their 
direction. Let them also point to the real objects. 

Draw on the board, on a convenient scale, so much of the 
plan of the city as to include the school-house and several 
streets in its vicinity. 


LESSON V. 

THE EARTH. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. Shape of the Earth.—In studying geography 
we shall learn a great many strange things. One 
of the strangest things is what we learn about 
the shape of the Earth. 

Suppose the earth were flat, and we were to travel on 
and on in one direction without turning, should we ever 
come back to the same place from which we started ? Of 
course we should not. If we went on long enough we 
should come to the edge of the earth. We should be like 
an ant walking on a table. If the ant keeps on in one 
direction all the time, it will reach the edge of the table. 


But suppose the ant to be walking upon an orange, and 
always going in the same direction. It will at last come 
to the place from which it started. This is because the 
orange is round. 

If people travel on the earth, always keeping in 
one direction, like the ant on the orange, they 
never come to any edge. They arrive at last at 
the place from which they set out. So we know 
that the earth is round like a Mil or an orange. 

When the author of this little book was a hoy, 
he started from New York in a ship, and sailed 
for many months, never turning round, until at 
last he came hack to New York again. He had 
gone round the earth. 



Shape of the Eakth. 


I {The dark parts in the centre and an the right-hand edge of the 
I picture are land.] 

The earth does not seem round to us. The 
fields and the village, or the city where we live 
are fiat. Some places look as flat as a floor. 
But still the earth is round. 

Can we suppose that the little ant on the orange thinks 
that the orange is round? If he thinks at all, he must 
think it is flat. 

Our eye is so large that we see a large part of the orange 
at once. Hence we can see that it is round. The small 
I eye of the ant sees only a small part of the orange at once, 
and that part seems flat. So it is with the earth. 





















THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.—THE LAND. 


9 


If we could see half of the earth at once, then 
we should see that it is round. But though our 
eye is larger than that of an ant, we can see only 
a very small part of the earth atr once. That is 
the reason why it seems flat to us. 

2. Size of the Earth. —Suppose we had wings 
like birds, and should fly round the earth. A 
swift carrier dove can fly 100 miles an hour. If 
we flew as fast as that, it would take us more than 
ten days to go round the earth without stopping. 

If a man could walk round the earth, and went 50 miles 
a day, it would take him about one year and four months. 

What a big ball the earth must be ! We know 
about how much a mile is. Round the earth it 
is 25,000 miles. This distance is called the cir¬ 
cumference of the earth. The distance through 
the earth, or its diameter, is about 8,000 miles. 

For Recitation. 

What is the shape of the earth ? 

The earth is round like an orange or a ball. 
How do we know this ? 

We know that the earth is shaped like a ball, 
because if we travel on it, always keeping 
in one direction, we come back at last to 
the place from which we set out. 

Why does the earth seem flat to us ? 

The earth seems flat to us because we see so 
little of it at once. 

How far is it round the earth? 

The distance round the earth is 25,000 miles. 
How far is it through the earth ? 

The distance through the earth is about 8,000 
miles. 


LESSON VI. 

THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. Land. —The outside of the earth is called its 
surface. One part of this surface is solid, or 
hard. This is called the land. 

We live on the land, and build our houses and 
towns and cities upon it. On the land trees and 
other plants grow, and animals live. 


2. Water. —But there is a large part of the sur¬ 
face of the earth which is covered with icatvr. 
Most of us have seen a pond, and we all know 
what a pond is. Now sui)pose a pond were made 
ever so large, hundreds and thousands of miles 
across, instead of a few yards. Such a big pond 
there is. It is called the Sea. 

How large do you think it is ? A boat can sail across a 
small pond in a few minutes. But to sail across some parts 
of the sea. it takes a ship about fifty days. Think of going 
on the water for seven weeks without ever seeing the land ! 

We can see in the i)icture on page 8, tliat the 
water is very much larger than the land. The 
water is nearly three times as large as the land. 

Millions and millions of fishes swim in the sea, and 
strange plants grow in it. There are no daisies or dan-de- 
li-ons or buttercups, but there are beautiful seaweeds, 
colored purple and yellow and red and green. The fishes, 
you see, have their gardens as well as we. 

It seems to us perhaps very strange that the 
fishes should have so much more room to live in 
than man and the other animals. 

But we shall see, when we know more about 
geography, that the men and animals that are on 
the land could never live, if it were not for the 
great sea. The plants would have no rain. They 
would all die, and there would be nothing for us 
and the animals to eat. 

For Recitation. 

Into what is the surface of the earth divided ? 

The surface of the earth is divided into land 
and water. 

How much of the earth’s surface is land ? 

About one quarter of the earth’s surface is 
land. 

How much of it is water ? 

Nearly three-fourths of the earth’s surface 
are covered with water. 


LESSON VII. 

THE LAND. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. We have now learned that the surface of the 
earth is partly land and partly water. 











10 


MOKE ABOUT THE LAND. 


Both the land and the water are divided into 
])arts or bodies of different sizes and slnipes. 

2. Continents.—The largest parts or divisions of 
the land are called coii'-ti-nehts. Notice them in 
the picture on page 8. 

We can travel on them for hundreds and even 
thousands of miles without ever reaching the sea. 
It takes a railway train a week to go across the 
continent on which we live. 

3. Islands. — Parts of the land smaller than 
continents, and entirely surrounded by water, are 
called islands. 

All the islands have never been counted, be¬ 
cause there are so many. Some of them are very 
large, others so small that they look on the map 
like specks. Some contain a great many inhabi¬ 
tants ; others have no one living n})on them. 


Perhaps the most curious of all are the Coral 
Islands. Most of them are found in the Pacific 
Ocean. We shall learn more about these islands 
by and by. 

For Recitation. 

What are continents ? 

The largest divisions of the land are called 
continents. 

What is an island ? 

An island is a body of land entirely sur¬ 
rounded by Avater. It is smaller than a 
continent. 


LESSON VIII. 

MORE ABOUT THE LAND. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. Other Forms of Land.—The edges of the land 
are often jagged, as shown in the picture above. 

Some parts stretch far out into the sea, and are 
nearly surrounded by water. These are called 
pen-in'-su-las. The tvord peninsula means almost 
an island. Find a peninsula on map, page 29. 

A narrow strip of land that connects tAVO large 
bodies of land is called an isthmns. Points of 
land jutting out into the water are called capes. 

2. Heights of Land.—The play-ground is level,, 
or nearly level. Let us imagine it stretched out 
for miles on every side. Such level land Avould 
be called 'a plain. On very large jAlains we may 

travel for days together, and 
see only the blue sky above us 
and level land all around. 

Some large plains are called 
2)ra tries. They are often cov¬ 
ered with long grass and beau¬ 
tiful flowers. Thousands of 
buffaloes, Avild horses and cat¬ 
tle live upon them. 

These animals are hunted with the 
lasso. The lasso is a long rope with 
a loop at the end. The hunter 
throws the loop over the animal’s 
head and draws it tight. 

The long grass of the prairies dries 
in summer, and then it sometimes 
takes fire. The horses and cattle 
and people are obliged to run for their lives. 

Now imagine a great plain covered with sand, 
rocks and stones—not a single flower to be seen, 
not even a blade of grass, for hundreds of miles. 
Such land is a desert. 

In a desert we find here and there a patch of ground 
where springs bubble up. Here trees grow and flowers 
bloom. Such a spot is called an o-a'-sis. 

Instead of being level, like plains, the land in 
some places is higher than the houses, the tree- 
tops, or the church steeples. Such land is called 
a hill. We all knoAV what hills are, from climb¬ 
ing np them and sliding doAvn them. 



Aboi^e (1) ( 1)1 ixl(i)iil is rei)rese)ited. Vessels a)r sdUuii/ all roioid it. At (2) a pen insula is 
show)i. It Ls almost an isla)id. The mde)- sunviaids it, except at the narrow neck or isthnius (.3) 
which joins it to the rnahdand. At (4) the jjoibmda juts out into the sea aiid ends hi a capje. 




















MORE ABOUT THE LAND. —THE WATER 


11 


A very high hill is called a mountain. Some 
momitains are so high and hard to climb that no 
one has ever been to the top of them. 

Often it is very cold at the top of mountains, and many 
of them are always capped with snow. 

The most wonderful kind of mountain is called 
a volcano. It is on fire inside. There is a great 
hole called the crater at the top of it, and out of 
this liole sometimes red-hot cinders and melted 
stones are thrown far up into the air. 

The low ground which lies between mountains 
and hills is called a valley.* 

For Recitation. 

What is a peninsula ? 

A peninsula is a portion of land almost sur¬ 
rounded by water. 

What is an isthmus ? 

An isthmus is a narrow neck of land connect¬ 
ing two larger bodies of land. 

What is a cape ? 

A cape is a point of land Jutting out into the 
water. 

What is a plain ? 

A plain is a large extent of nearly level land. 
What is a prairie ? 

A prairie is a great plain covered with grass. 
What is a desert ? 

A desert is a large extent of land covered 
with sand and rocks. 

What is a hill ? 

A hill is a portion of land somewhat higher 
than the country about it. 

* Note. —The lessons on “ divisions of land and water ” may 
be made very interesting by taking pupils to a neighboring 
stream or sea-coast. The indentations made by the water 
will serve to illustrate the definitions of peninsulas, isth¬ 
muses, capes, gulfs and bays. If islands and straits do not 
exist, miniature ones can be readily formed. 

It may be more convenient to use a moulding-board. A 
tray, or shallow tin pan, or an ordinary table bordered with 
some narrow strips of wood will serve the purpose. Get 
some moist earth, or, better still, some moulding sand, and 
mould it into the various forms and elevations of the land, 
letting the surface of the board represent water. 

Let the pupils themselves make models and describe them. 
Lessons illustrated by moulding are never forgotten. If this 
cannot be done, use pictures ; and, lacking these, illustrate as 
far as possible by chalk and blackboard. 


What is a mountain ? 

A mountain is a very high hill. 

What is a volcano ? 

A volcano is a burning mountain that throws 
[ out fire and red-hot cinders. 

What is a valley ? 

A valley is the land lying between mountains 
or hills. 



LESSON IX. 

THE WATER. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. The Sea.—There are a great many interest¬ 
ing things to learn about the sea. First of all, the 
sea is never still. It is always rolling and rocking 
or dashing its waves into foam on the shore. In 
storms the waves often drive ships on rocks and 
break them to pieces. 

Then, again, the sea is very deep. In some places it is five 
miles to the bottom. The water of the sea is salt. Sailors 
are obliged to take fresh water with them to drink when 
they go to sea. 

But the sea is useful, as well as interesting. It 
is a great highway. Ships are all the time cai-- 
rying things across it, from one country to another. 

























12 


THE WATER. 


If Ave go into a grocer’s store, Ave shall see almonds 
and raisins for sale. These greAv thousands of 
miles aAvay, and AA'ere brought OA'er the sea in a shij). 


water it leaves the salt behind. And so, as we know, the 
rain and snow are fresh. The rain and the snow feed the 
springs and hll the rivers.* 



2. Divisions of the Sea.—The sea is one sheet 
of Avater. In a shi]) Ave could sail all over it. But 
different j)arts of it are called by different names. 
The largest ])arts or divisions of the sea are called 


oceans. 


If Ave Avere Avalking over a hill or mountain, and 
should find some fresh, cool Avater bubbling out 
of the ground, Avhat should Ave say Ave had found ? 
It is a spring. 

The Avater is all the time coming out of the 

ground, and floAvdng doAvn 
the hillside like a bright 
silver thread. Such a lit¬ 
tle stream is a rill. Large 
rills are called brooks. 

Noav suppose several rills 
or brooks should run doAvn 
to one place and make one 
large stream, Avhat Avould 
that be ? We should call 
it a river. The beginning 
of a river is called its 
source, the end of it is 
called its mouth. Noav let 
us folloAV a river from its 
source doAvn to its mouth. 


a river, and at (3) passes a town. 
Lower down it enters (7) the sea. 


At (1) we see a sprin;/ ; at (2) a br(s>k flouring ont 
of the spring. The brook nuts down the hillside into 
the mill-pond. The water .falls enter the dtun into the 
/lain below. Descending thremgh the /lain it bectmies 
Below the bridge it flows inton bay ((i) which forms a harbor. 
(.5) shows a strait, (4) a lake. 


There are smaller divisions Avdiich are partly shut 
in by the land. These are called gulfs, bays and seas. 

A narroAv passage of Avater is called a strait. 
As the isthmus joins tAV'o bodies of land, so the 
strait joins tAvo bodies of Avater. 

3. Water upon the Land.—Besides the Av^ater of 
the sea, there is a great deal of Avater upon the 
land. Most of it is fresh. 

And yet it all comes out of the salt, salt sea. Let us try 
to understand this. When it rains or snows the sky is 
covered, we know, with clouds. Clouds are vapor. They 
are like the steam which conies out of a kettle or an engine. 

The sun is all the time heating the sea and making va¬ 
por rise. That vapor forms the clouds. The winds drive 
the clouds from the sea over the land, and down they come 
as rain or snow. But when the vapor rises from the salt 


ing corn or making cloth. 


The first part of a river is 
often very rapid. The watei 
dashes down the mountain side. 
Sometimes it leaps from rock 
to rock and makes waterfalls. 

When it reaches the valley it 
is still very swift. Here along 
the bank we see mills for grind- 
They have great wooden wheels. 
The water comes rushing against these wheels, and drives 
them round. They are said to be turned by imter-power. 

The mills need people to work in them, and so we see a 
village or a town near by. Many towns have been built on 
the banks of rivers just because people found there was 
enough swift-running water to turn a great many mill¬ 
wheels. At last, after doing a great deal of work on the 
land, the river runs into the sea. 

Sheets of Avater surrounded by land are called 
lakes. Some lakes are called seas. 


* Note. —Show how cold mountain tops condense clouds, 
by referring to the moisture on the outside of a pitcher of 
water in summer, and to the ice formed on window panes in 
winter, or to the condensation of the steam from a kettle of 
boiling water upon a cold plate. 



















THE EARTH ROTATES: DAY AND NICHT. 


13 


For Recitation. 

What are oceans ? 

The largest divisions of the great sea are 
called oceans. 

I What is a gulf, bay or sea ? 

A gulf, bay or sea is a division of the water 
partly surrounded by land. 

What is a strait ? 

A strait is a narrow passage of water which i 
joins two bodies of water. 

What is a spring ? 

A spring is water flowing up out of the 
ground. 

What is a river ? i 

A river is a large stream of water flowing 
through the land. 

What is a lake ? 

A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. 


LESSON X. 

THE EARTH ROTATES — DAY AND NIGHT. 



one half of it can be bright at a time. The other 
half must be in the dark. 

Now let us stick a knitting-needle or a shari> 
piece of wire right through the orange at the j)hice 
where the stem used to be. Next let us hold 
the orange in the sunlight or lamplight, and make 
it turn round upon the knitting-needle. We shall 
in this way 
bring the side 
that was first 
dark into the 
light, and the 
side that was 
first light 
into the 
dark. 

The knitting- 
needle stuck 
through the 
orange may be 
called the axis 
of the orange. Ball in Light. 

And the o r- 

ange, when we make it go round, is said to turn on its axis. 


To be read by the pupil. 

1. What makes day and what makes night? 
We will try to learn in this lesson. 

Of course we know that it is day when the sun ! 
shines upon us. But why is it not always day ? ! 
What makes the sun set and the light fade ? And | 
then what makes the sun rise again in the morn- j 
ing ? It is all very curious. 

People used to think that the sun really did 
come up and go down. They thought that it 
went under the earth at night, and came out 
again in the morning. They supposed that the 
rising and setting of the sun were like taking a 
lighted lamp and carrying it across a table, and 
then putting it under the table and bringing it 
out after a while at the opposite side. But we 
know that all this was a mistake. 

2. What really happens ? Let us see. Suppose 
we put an orange or a ball in the sunlight, or in 
the light of a lamp. Does the light shine all over 
it ? No. Only one half of it will be in the light. 
The other half will be dark. Like the orange or j 
the ball, the earth is in the sunshine; but only I 


3. Now the earth turns round as the orange 
does. It is said to rotate, or turn on its axis. Of 
course we must not suppose that it really has a 
rod of iron, or anything else stuck through it for 
an axis. But it turns as if it had. 

One thing more we notice about our turning 
orange. It soon stops if we do not keeji making 
it turn. But the earth never stops. 

And so all the time, first one side is in the sun¬ 
light, and then the other. The hrUjht side has day. 
The dark side has niyht. 

This shows us some very curious things. Whenever it 
is daylight with us, it is night with the people who live on 
the other side of the earth. When we are eating our 
breakfast or hurrying off to school, the children who live 
on the other side of the earth are getting their supper or 
going to bed. 

We turn the orange round on its knitting-needle 
in a few seconds. But it takes the earth twenty- 
four hours to go once round on its axis. This is 
why we have about twelve hours of sunshine and 
twelve hours of night. 

Note.—I n explaining this lesson use a globe, if convenient; 
if not, use the orange. 

















14 


THE EARTH REVOLVES: THE SEASONS. 


For Recitation. 

How does the earth move ? 

The earth turns round or rotates like a spin¬ 
ning top. 

How long does it take to turn round ? 

The earth turns round once in twenty-four 
hours. 

When do we have daylight ? 

We have daylight when we are turned toward 
the sun. 

When do we have night ? 

We have night when we are turned away from 
the sun. 

Does the sun really come up every morning and go down 
every evening ? 

No ; it is the earth that moves. 

When the sun rises, what is happening ? 

When the sun rises, we are turning into the 
light of the sun. 

And when the sun sets, what is happening ? 

When the sun sets, we are turning away from 
the light of the sun. 


LESSON XI. 

THE EARTH REVOLVES — THE SEASONS. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. The Earth Revolves.—Besides turning round 
on its axis, the earth moves in another way. Let 
us try to understand it. Suppose we draw a large 
ring with chalk on the floor of our school-room, 
and then put the lighted lamp on a table in the 
middle of the ring. 

Now let us walk round the ring, holding the 
orange with the knitting-needle through it, so 
that the light of the lamp shines upon it. 

What we are now doing with the orange hap¬ 
pens to the earth. Nobody marks a ring for it 
with chalk, but still it goes in a ring round and 
round the sun, as the orange does round the 
lamp. Nobody carries it, as we do our orange. 
It goes of itself, but it never gets tired and never 
stops. 


Our chalk ring is only a few feet long. The 
ring of the earth is millions of miles long. 

It takes us a minute or two to carry our orange 
round the lamp. But it takes the earth a whole 
year, all the time from one of our birthdays to 
another, to revolve round the sun. 

2. The Seasons.—Now as the earth moves in its 
ring round the sun, we sometimes receive from 
him more heat and light, and sometimes less. 

At one time the swallows come. The birds build their 
nests. The people are planting and sowing. It is now not 
very hot and not very cold. It is Spring. 

In a very short time there comes a change. The days 
grow longer, the weather gets warmer. The trees are in 
full leaf, and we are in the midst of roses. It is SummeT. 

A few weeks pass. Peaches and apples are ripe. The 
yellow corn is gathered in. Thanksgiving Day comes. It 
is Autumn or Fall. 

Again there is a change. The days grow shorter, the 
weather colder. Snow covers the hills, and ice the ponds. 
Christmas and Santa Claus come. It is ^Mnter. 

These four parts of the year—Spring, Summer, 
Autumn and Winter—are called the four seasons. 

In some countries there are only two seasons, 
called the Wet and the Dry. In others there is 
one long winter with scarcely any summer. 

For Recitation. 

Besides turning on its axis, how else does the earth move ? 
Besides turning on its axis the earth moves 
in a great ring round the sun. 

How long does it take the earth to go round the sun ? 

The earth goes round the sun once in a year. 

What changes in the weather take place as we go round 
the sun ? 

We have warm weather in some parts of our 
journey, cool in some, and cold in others. 

What, then, may we say is caused by the earth’s revolving 
round the sun ? 

The earth’s revolving round the sun causes 
the change of seasons. 

How many seasons have we ? 

We have four seasons—Spring, Summer, Au¬ 
tumn and Winter. 

Have all parts of the earth four seasons ? 

Some parts of the earth have only two sea¬ 
sons, the wet season and the dry season. 

















CLIMATE AND ZONES. 


15 


LESSON XII. ^ 

CLIMATE AND ZONES. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. Climate.—We have learned that the sun 
gives ns heat and light, and that ^besides this, it 
makes the clouds rise from the sea, and so causes 
the rain to water the earth. 

But the sun shines upon the earth in such a 
M^ay that it warms and Avaters some parts of it 
much more than others. 

Some parts are very hot; some are bitterly cold; others 
have about as much heat as cold. So, too, some parts of the 
earth are very rainy; in some there is hardly any rain at 
all; in others there is neither too much nor too little. 

The heat or cold, and the moisture or dryness of 
a country for all the time make up what is called 
its climate. When we speak of these for a short 
time, as a day, or a week, Ave use the word weather. 

A country that has much more hot weather 
than cold during the year has a hot climate; one 
that has cold weather the greater ])art of the year 
has a cold climate; and a country in Avhich the 
hot and cold parts of the year are nearly equal 
has a terrqoerate climate. The climate, again, 
may be moist or it may be dry. 

2. Zones.—Look at the picture. The red belt 
shows that part of the earth Avhich receives the 
most heat from the sun, and has also the most 
rain. This is called the torrid or hot zone. Zone 
means belt.* 

Across the middle of the picture is a line Avhich divides 
it exactly into halves. We imagine such a line to go all 
round the earth. It is called the equator. The Torrid 
Zone lies on both sides of it. 

The white belts rejiresent the parts of the earth 
which receive little heat, and where the air is 
always cold. These are called ihe frigid or frozen 
zones. 

We see at the top and bottom of the picture two little 
dots. These show the points of the earth’s surface that 
are farthest away from the equator. We call these points 
the north pole and south pole. The frigid zones lie 
around them. 

The yellow belts show where the heat and cold 
are about equal, and Avhere there is rain enough. 
Tliese are the temiyerate zones. 


We see that there are two frigid zones and two 
temperate zones. These are knoAvn as the North 
and the South Frigid Zones, and the North and 
South Temperate Zones. 



The Zones. 


The climate of a country depends chiefly on its 
being in one or another of these zones. 

In the frigid zones we should see mountains of 
ice and endless fields of snow. 

The people live in huts of snow and ice. They have to 
melt ice to get water to drink. They dress in fur all over, 
and then can hardly keep warm. 

If a person should go from his snow hut in the frigid 
zone to the torrid, he would find his robes of fur too hot to 
wear. He would buy the thinnest clothing to be found. 
How he would long to eat a piece of one of his ice moun¬ 
tains, or a bit of his snow hut! 

In the Torrid Zone there is no winter. 

The two Temperate Zones are not so hot as the 
Torrid Zone, nor so bitterly cold as the Frigid. 
They are the pleasantest parts of the world. 

Our home is in the North Temperate Zone. 

* Note. —The subject of zones can be illustrated by taking 
an orange or ball and covering it with zones made of colored 
papers pasted on with mucilage. Let the pupils draw the 
zones from memory. 

Allude to the effect of elevation upon climate. Explain 
how, in the Torrid Zone, on the tops of mountains, a tem- 
j)erate, or even an arctic climate may be found. 






























16 


CLIMATE AND Z O N E S. —P L A NT S. 



For Recitation. 

What does the sun do for the earth ? 

The sun warms the earth, lights the earth, and 
makes the clouds which water the earth. 

What is meant by the climate of a country ? 

By the climate of a country we mean the kind 
of weather it has, hot or cold, wet or dry. 

What part of the earth has the most heat and rain ? 

The Torrid Zone has the most heat and the 
most rain. 

What are the coldest parts of the earth ? 

The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the 
earth. 

What kind of climate do you find in the Temperate Zones ? 

In the Temperate Zones there is about as 
much cold weather as hot, and there is 
rain enough. 

In which zone do you live ? 

We live in the North Temperate Zone. 

In what direc¬ 
tion would you 
travel to reach 
the Torrid Zone ? 

The South Tem¬ 
perate? The 
North Frigid ? 


LESSON 
XIII. 

PLANTS. 

To be read by 
the pupil. 

What is the 
use of the 
earth’s being 
warmed by the 
great sun, and 
watered by the 
rain and dew ? 

Let us see. Everything that grows out of the 
earth is called a plant, and all plants need water 
to drink, and sunsltine to keep them warm. 
Some need a great deal of water and warmth, 
others want only a little. 

Plants cannot grow without heat and moisture. 


I Just before frost comes, people in many parts of our 
I Auntry dig up some of the plants in their gardens, put 
' them in pots, and take them into the house. Why is this ? 
Because these plants need a good deal of warmth. The frost 
would kill them. They belong to a warmer zone than ours. 

But there are some plants that live out of doors all the 
time. However cold the weather may be, they do not 
suffer. They belong to our zone. 

I This shows us that different plants belong to 
different zones. 

In the frigid zones there is very little heat, 
and very little light, and so we find hardly any¬ 
thing growing. Almost the only plants are 
mosses. The frigid zones might be called the 
flowcrless belts. 

Lot us leave them and visit the temperate zones. 
Here we shall find more heat, and more light, 
and plenty of rain and dew. And so we find here 
a great many plants. 

In our gardens, as we are living in the North 
i Temperate Zone, roses and violets bloom. Wheat, 

corn and cot¬ 
ton grow in the 
fields. There 
are forests of 
oak, maple 
and pine. In 
the cooler 
parts of this 
zone there are 
orchards of 
pea r, apple 
and peach 
trees ; in the 
warmer jiarts, 
the tea-plant 
and sugar- 
cane, the lem¬ 
on and orange 
tree grow. 

In the tor¬ 
rid zone there 
is more heat than anywhere else, and there is more 
rain than anywhere else. So here we find the 
greatest number of plants. There are forests of 
india-rubber trees, groves of palms and jungles * 


* A jungle is* a region covered with bamboo and foi'est trees. 


In the cetHre of the picture we see the giant water- 
lily called Victoria Begia, flowering in a greeii- 
house. It grows in the Amazon River. The leaf 
is often six feet across, the flower, two. On the 
right are seen the banana-tree with Us cluster of fruit, and o)i the opposite side of the river 
the cocoa-nut ptahn loith its featheinj leaves. 

















PLANTS AND ANIMALS 


17 


of bamboos. The delicious banana and pineapple 
are among the fruits of this zone, and in it the 
coffee-plant and sugar-cane have their home. 

The largest and most beautiful flowers grow 
here. One of these is a water-lily (see picture on 
the opposite page) on whose leaf a child can stand 
as if he were in a boat. 

The different plants of a country make up what 
we call its vegetation. 

Did you ever think how useful plants are to us ? What 
should we do without corn and wheat to eat, tea and coffee 
to drink, sugar to make things sweet, timber to build our 
houses, and cotton to clothe our bodies ? 


Oral Exercises. 


Lessons on kinds and uses of plants should be introduced 
here. The following questions are suggested: What trees 
grow in the neighborhood ? What trees yield wood for 
building ? What plants are raised in gardens ? What 
plants are raised on farms ? For what is wheat raised ? 
Corn ? Cotton ? What part of the wheat plant is used as 
food ? How is it made into flour ? Into what is flour 
made ? How ? 

The following table will suggest topics. 


' Food. 


Wheat, 

Corn, 

Rice, 

■( Rye> 

Bread-fruit, 

Banana, 

Sugar-cane. 


Plants. . . 


Clothing, 


! Cotton, 

Flax, 

India-rubber. 


( Oak, 

Building. -j Pine, 

( Bamboo. 


Consult Sheldon’s “ Elementary Instruction,” and Hook¬ 
er’s “Book of Nature.” 


For Recitation. 

What is a plant ? 

Everything that grows out of the earth is 
called a plant. 


What do plants need ? 

All plants need heat and moisture to make 
them grow. 

Why do we And the fewest plants in the Frigid Zone ? 

We find the fewest plants in the Frigid Zone, 
because there is very little heat and moist¬ 
ure there. 


What kind of plants grow in the Frigid Zone ? 

Most of the plants that grow in the Frigid 
Zone are mosses and lichens {li'kens). 

Name some of the plants of the Temperate Zones. 

Wheat, corn, cotton, sugar-cane, tea, the 
lemon, orange, pear, apple and peach, the 
oak, pine and maple are plants of the 
Temperate Zones. 

Where are the greatest number of plants found, and why ? 

The greatest number of plants are found in 
the Torrid Zone, because the Torrid Zone 
has more heat and moisture than any other. 

Name some of the plants of the Torrid Zone. 

The india-rubber tree, the palm, the bam¬ 
boo, the coffee-plant, the jiineapple, sugar¬ 
cane and banana grow in the Torrid Zone. 


LESSON XIV. 

ANIMALS. 

To be read by the pupil. 

Whatever lives, eats, feels and can move from 
place to place is called an animal. We all know 
that there are many kinds of animals, and that 
they are very different from one another. 

Suppose a menagerie comes to the place where we live, 
what crowds of people visit it! All wish to see the ani¬ 
mals, because they are strangers. They come from coun 
tries that are hotter or colder than ours. 

Some animals, like some plants, need a hot 
climate; others need a cold one. Different ani¬ 
mals belong to different zones. 

Very few animals belong to the frigid zone, 
but still there are some which can live only there. 

The walrus and seal think no place so nice as 
their own icy home. They must bathe every day 
in water so cold that it would freeze us to death. 

In the same cold zone live the huge white bear, and the 
reindeer, an animal that is fond of hunting underneath the 
snow for his dinner of moss. 

In the temperate zones we find the greatest 
number of animals that are useful to man. Most 
of these animals live on vegetable food. The 
horse, the ox, the cow and the sheep are well 
known to us. These are called domestic, be¬ 
cause they make their home with man. 


















18 


A N I M A L S. — M IN E R A L S 


Among wild animals are the grizzly bear, the 
wolf and the kangaroo. 



phaiits. One is (/iving/lU companion a bath by sp<mtin(] water on 
his back. In th£ foreyronnd are a lion and a boa-constrictor. 


In the torrid zone there are more animals 
than anywhere else. That zone is the home of 
some of the largest, the fiercest and the most 
beautiful animals. 

It is dangerous to go into the woods there. 
Huge snakes may bite us or squeeze us to death ; 
lions or tigers may eat us up. We may see mon¬ 
keys jumping from tree to tree, or hanging by 
their tails from the branches. Bhie and green 
parrots scream from the tree-tops, scarlet flamin¬ 
goes wade in the pools. 

There we can ride on the back of an elephant instead of 
a horse, and hunt the tiger instead of the deer. 

Besides the animals on land, we must remem¬ 
ber those of the sea. The monstrous whale and 
countless numbers of cod, mackerel, herring and 
other fish dart about through the waves. The 
sea has its zones as well as the land. 8o some 
fish live only in very cold water; others only 
where it is warm. 

Oral Exercises. 

Lessons upon the kinds of animals, and upon their uses, 
when living and dead, should be introduced here. 

Consult reference books indicated in the preceding les¬ 
son. also Calkins’ “Object Lessons.” 


The following table will suggest topics. 


Food. 


Ox, 

Sheep, 

Fowls, 

Fish. 


Animals. 


- Clothing. 


I Sheep, 
j Ox, 

I Goat, 

I Camel. 


' i Burden. 


I Horse, 

1 Ox, 

1 Elephant, 
t Camel. 


For Recitation. 

What is an animal ? 

Whatever lives, eats, feels and can move from 
place to place is called an animal. 

Where do wc find the fewest animals ? 

The Frigid Zones have the fewest animals. 

Name some of the animals of the North Frigid Zone. 

The white bear, the walrus, the seal and the 
reindeer belong to the North Frigid Zone. 

Where do we find the greatest number of animals that are 
useful to man ? 

We find the greatest number of animals use¬ 
ful to man in the Temperate Zones. 

Name some animals that belong to the Temperate Zones. 

The horse, the cow, the sheep, the grizzly 
bear and the kangaroo belong to the Tem¬ 
perate Zones. 

What zone contains the greatest number of animals ? 

The Torrid Zone contains the greatest num¬ 
ber of animals. 

Name some of the animals that belong to the Torrid Zone. 

The elephant, lion and tiger, the monkey 
and many beautiful birds belong to the 
Torrid Zone. 


LESSON XV. 

MINERALS. 

To be read by the pupil. 

Plants are useful to us, and animals are useful 
to us. Is there anything else that is useful to us ? 

There are many things that we dig out of the 
earth which are very useful. The coal that we 
burn in our fires, the kerosene oil that gives us 
light, the granite and sandstone which we use in 


















M 1 N E K A L S. — () C C U P A T K) N S. 


19 


building, the salt that we eat at our meals, the 
diamond that shines like a sunbeam—all come out 
of the earth. 

These, and anything else that does not live, 
and is dug out of the earth, are called minerals. 

Some minerals, such as iron, cop])er and lead, 
gold and silver, are called metals. The last two, 
gold and silver, are called the preciotis metals. 
They are made into money. 


Note.— The following table will suggest topics for oral 
instruction. 


Minerals used in building. 


’ Iron, 

Lead, 

^ ^lay, 
Granite, 
Marble, 

- Sandstone. 


For Recitation. 


What is a mineral ? 

Anything that does not live and is dug out 
of the earth is called a mineral. 


Name some of the most useful minerals. 

Coal, iron, copper, lead, clay, salt and gran¬ 
ite are very useful minerals. 

Name some of the metals. 

Iron, copper, tin, silver and gold are metals. 
Which are called precious metals ? 

Gold and silver are called precious metals. 


LESSON XVI. 

OCCUPATIOKS. 

To be read oy the pupil. 

Most people earn their living by doing some 
kind of work. We call people’s work their occu¬ 
pation. Let us see what are the great occui)ations 
of the world. 

We all eat food that is made from some kind of 
plant. 

A great many people live on rice. Some live on a kind 
of bread that grows ready-made on trees. Most of ours is 
made from wheat or corn. 

Then again all of us wear clothing that is made 
from plants. Shirts and collars are made from 
the cotton and the flax plant. 

Now we all know that cabbages and potatoes do 
not grow of themselves. Just so wheat and corn, 
the cotton plant, and the flax or linen plant, will 


not grow of themselves. There must be people to 
l)lough the grouml for them, plant the seed and 
reap the grain when it is rii)e, cut the flax or pick 
the cotton. 

Raising corn, or wheat, or other plants for food 
or clothing, is called agriculture or farming. 

But none of us like dry bread. So some people must 
keep cows and make butter and cheese for the rest. Those 
who do so are occupied in dai-ry-ing. 

Then, too, we all eat meat. So some people must keep 
the animals whose flesh we eat. Those animals are called 
stock, and the business of those who keep them is called 
stock-raising. 



In the oval we see the operations of cuttiiaf the ripe wheat with a 
reaping incKkine, and placing the. bundles or sheaves in shocks ready 
to be carried to the threshing-floor. The lower sketch represents a 
herd of cattle fwding a stream. 


Farmers need ploughs to turn up the soil, and ma¬ 
chines to cut down their wheat. We all need knives 
and scissors, needles and pins, and other things. 

So there must be some people to make things 
that other people use. Those who do this are 
said to manufacture. 

But of course the man who makes ploughs must 
have iron and wood of which to make them ; the 
man who builds wooden houses must have Avood. 
Where shall they get the iron and the wood? 

Iron is a mineral. It is dug from the earth. 
Some one must dig it up and make it fit for the 
plough-maker to use. The occupation of digging 
minerals out of the earth is called mining. 

Wood is obtained from oaks and pines and other trees. 
The occupation of cutting down the trees and sawing them 
up to be made into houses, or ships, or other things, is 
called lumbering. 



















20 


OCCUPATIONS. — GOVERNMENT. 


Suppose a boy wants a knife or marbles. He 
goes to a store and buys them. If a farmer wants 
a ])longh, he goes to the store and buys it. So if in 
one country the people have not enough wdieat, 
they buy some from a country where the people 
have more than enough. If in one country more 
cotton grows than the people want, then they send 
it to other countries where cotton does not grow 
at all. The business of exchanging goods is 
called commerce. 



in /lis left hand a puce cf 


iron which he U hnnimeritu) on the anvil and making into a horse¬ 
shoe. The other is blowing the bellows and makmg the fire burn 
briskly so as to soften the iron. 

At the left we see steamers and ships tcaiting at the wharf to be 
loaded. Two negroes are rolling a cotton bale up to the scales to be 
weighed.* 

Often things have to be carried a long way before they 
reach the persons who want them. The tea or coffee that we 
use had to travel many thousand miles before it reached us. 

This is why we have so many ships and steamers going 
to all parts of the world. They carry away things that 
grow or are made here. This we call exporting. They 
bring to us things that grow or are made in other countries. 
This we call importing. 

For Recitation. 

What are the chief occupations of men ? 

The chief occupations of men are agriculture, 
manufacturing, mining and commerce. 

* Note. —If possible, take the pupils to mills or factories, 
so as to show them the j^rocesses hy which various things are 
made. A visit to a ship or steamer will be very instructive. 
Teach that all, young and old, should be usefully employed, 
and show how the industrious boy will in time become the 
industrious and successful man. Interesting oral lessons 
may be given. Prang’s ‘‘ Occupation Cards” will he found 
very helpful. 


What is agriculture ? 

Agriculture is the raising of plants that are 
useful for food or clothing. 

What is stock-raising ? 

Stock-raising means the raising of cattle and 
horses. 

What is manufacturing ? 

Manufacturing is the making of useful or or¬ 
namental things. 

Wliat is mining ? 

Mining is digging from the earth such things 
as iron, coal, silver and gold. 

What is commerce ? . 

The exchange of goods, or buying and sell¬ 
ing them for money, is commerce. 


LESSON XVII. 

GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. Government.—What a noise there would be 
in the school if there were no one to keep order ! 
How many wrong things would be done, and how 
uncomfortable a place it would be ! 

Teachers, therefore, make rules. They keep the 
pupils in order, and manage everything for the 
good of all. They are said to govern the schools. 

Cities, toAvns and tvhole countries are some- 
Avhat like schools. They must have rules and a 
ruler, or else a few disorderly people might make 
it very VTiipleasant for all the rest. Making rules 
for a country and making the people obey the 
rules, is Government. 

The rules made for a country are called its lazvs. 
The city where the laws are made is its capital. 

The rulers of different countries have different 
names. A ruler who is chosen by the jieople is 
usually called & jiresident. One who rules because 
his father ruled before him, is a monarch. 

Monarchs are sometimes called kings and 
queens, and sometimes emperors. 

If the ruler of a country makes laws without asking the 
people whether they like them or not, he is called a despot. 

Countries which have Presidents are called Republics ; 























RELIGIOX. — RACES OF MEN 


21 


those which have Kings are called Kingdoms; those that 
have Kmperors are called Empires. Kingdoms and Em¬ 
pires are sometimes called Monarchies. 

Republics and other countries are often divided 
into parts, which are called by various names. 
With us they are known as States and Territories. 

The governor of a State is elected by the people. The 
governor of a Territory is appointed by the President.* 

2. Religion.—People have many different ways 
of worshipping God. The way in which they wor¬ 
ship is called religion. 

The principal religions are those of Christians, 
Jews and Mohammedans. These all believe that 
there is one God. Christians believe that Christ is 
the Son of God and the Saviour of the world. 

There are people in the world who think that 
there are many gods. Such people are called 
Pagans. They pray to images of wood or stone 
■called i'doh'. 

Tor Recitation. 

What is Government ? 

Government is making laws, keeping order 
and seeing that laws are obeyed. 

What is a republic ? 

A country in which the rulers are chosen or 
elected by the people is called a republic. 
The chief officer is called the President. 
What is a kingdom ? 

A country that has a king instead of a presi¬ 
dent is called a kingdom. • 

What is an empire ? 

A country ruled by an emperor is called an 
empire. 


* Note.— The names of village, town or city officers should 
be given, the mode of their election explained, and their j 
duties defined, in oral lessons. 

These topics will naturally lead to those of State and Na¬ 
tional Government. Explain the relation of States to the 
United States, as follows; Each State makes laws to regulate 
its own affairs; but the laws made by Congress are for the 
people of all the States alike. 

Hence we have a capital in each of the States as well as 
one capital for the whole country, and a Governor in each 
State as well as a President of the whole country, and a Leg¬ 
islature for making laws in each State as well as a Congress 
for the whole country. 


What are the chief religions of the world ? 

riie Christian, Jewish and Mohammedan are 
the chief religions of the world. 

Who arc Pagans ? 

Those who think that there are many gods 
and worship idols are Pagans. 


LESSON XVIII. 

RACES OF MEN — CIVILIZATION. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1. How men look.—The people who live on the 
earth do not all look alike. They differ in the 
color of their skins. 

Most of those that we see are white ; some are 
black. In the western part of our country there 
are a good many red men, and in some parts yel¬ 
low men, or Chinese, are found. In other parts 
of the world we find men of one more color still, 
the brown. 

These five are the races of men. 

The white is called the Caucasian race ; the 
yellow, the Mongolian race ; the black, the Negro 
race ; the red, the Indian race ; the brown, the 
Malay race. 

The white man is found in every continent, and is mas¬ 
ter of the woi-ld. 

2. How men live.—These different races do not 
all live exactly in the same way. 

Suppose we go to the home of the red men and 
see how they live. We shall find them living in 
tents made of the skins of wild animals. 

The women do the work, the men hunt and fish, and are 
very cruel and fond of fighting. When they Idll their 
enemies they scalp tliem, that is, cut off part of the skin 
of their heads and keep it to show how many of their 
enemies they have killed. 

They have no books or schools. People who 
live in this way are called savages. 

Now let us go to a country where the people 
are only a little better than the red savages of 
our own land. We will visit the Arabs. 

They live in tents as the Indians do, but they keep fiocks 
of sheep or goats. They wander about from place to place, 
and jiitch their tents wherever there is grass for their ani¬ 
mals. 















CIVILIZATION. — THE HEMISPHERES. 



They have no books or schools. Those who 
live in this way are called barbarous people. 

We will now visit 
some people Avho live 
much better than the 
Indians and the Arabs. 

They shall be the peo¬ 
ple who are going to 
bed wdien we are get¬ 
ting up. I mean the 
Chinese. 

Instead of tents they 
have comfortable 
houses. They build 
very large cities, and 
make beautiful silks 
and a great many oth¬ 
er things which we are 
glad to buy from them. 

They have books and 
schools, and are very 
industrious. We call 
people who live like 
the Chinese, civilized. 

In the countries of 
the white race there 
are more books, bet¬ 
ter schools and better 
governments than 
anywhere else. W e 
have churches, rail¬ 
ways, steamers and 
telegraphs. We build 
hospitals for the sick, 
and care for the poor. 

People who live as 
we do are called en¬ 
lightened. 

For Recitation. 

Name the five races of 
men. 

The five races of 


* Note. —Compare differ¬ 
ent peoples with regard to 
their occupation, govern¬ 
ment and religion. Show how a boy or girl may be a bar¬ 
barian in the midst of civilized surroundings. 


men are the white, or Cciucasicin ; the yellow, oi 
Mongolian ; the black, ov Negro; the brown, or 

Malay; the red, or 
Indian. 

How do savages live ? 

Savages spend their 
lives in hunting and 
fishing. 

How do barbarous people 
live ? 

Barbarous people 
live in tents. They 
keep cattle and sheep. 
They move from place 
to place wherever they 
find grass for their 
herds. 

How do civilized people 
live ? 

Civilized people live 
better than barbarous 
people. They build 
houses and cities, and 
have books and 
schools. 

How do enlightened peo¬ 
ple live ? 

Enlightened people 
live better than civ¬ 
ilized people. They 
have railways and tel¬ 
egraphs, churches, 
schools and colleges. 

LESSON XIX. 

THE HEMISPHERES. 

To be read by the pupil. 

Sometimes the earth 
is called a sphere. 
Sphere is only an¬ 
other name for a ball. 
When a sphere is di¬ 
vided into two equal parts, each half is called a 
hemi-sphere, that is, a half sphere. 


In the above picture are xhoivu the four conditions of society, 
or the ways in which men live. At the bottom loe see a family 
of savages. The father is kindling a fire by rubbing two pkces of 
wood together. Next aboi'e is barbarous life. Here we see the tent 
and camels of loandering Arabs. In the next sketch civilized life is 
represented by a scene in a Chinese city. At the top is shoivn the 
way in which odightened jxople live. Here we .see a well-built city, 
with steamboats, railway, factory, schools and churches. 


























THE hemispheres.— CONTINENTS. 


f 


23 


On the following pages we have maps of the 
two hemispheres or halves of the earth. One is 
called the Western Hemisphere ; the other the 
Eastern Hemisphere. 

Each hemisphere represents half of the earth’s 
surface, with its continents, oceans and some 
of its largest islands, mountains, rivers and other 
objects. 

If we look at these maps of the hemispheres, 
we shall see that there is much more land in the 
Eastern Hemisphere than in the Western. Four 
of the six continents are in the Eastern Hemi¬ 
sphere. These are Europe, Asia, Africa and 
Australia. The Western Hemisphere contains 
only two continents. They are North America 
and South America. 

The blue which we see on the map represents 
the water. The water has five great divisions or 
oceans. They are the Pacific, the Atlantic, the 
Indian, the Arctic and the Antarctic Oceans. 

All these oceans except the Indian are partly in the East¬ 
ern Hemisphere and partly in the Western. But the 
Western Hemisphere has a much larger share of water 
than the Eastern. 

Nearly one-half of all the land surface of the 
earth is in the North Temperate Zone, and more 
than one-half of all the people in the world live 
in it. 

For Recitation. 

What is a hemisphere ? 

Half of any sphere is called a hemisphere, 
and therefore half of the earth is called a 
hemisphere. 

Name the hemispheres shown on the map. 

The hemispheres shown on the map are the 
Western and the Eastern. 

hat continents are in the Western Hemisphere ? 

The continents of North and South America 
are in the Western Hemisphere. 

What continents are in the Eastern Hemisphere ? 

The continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and 
Australia are in the Eastern Hemisphere. 
Name the oceans. 

The oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, 
Arctic and Antarctic. I 


In which Hemisphere is the Indian Ocean ? 

The Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemi¬ 
sphere. 

Where are the other oceans ? 

All the oceans except the Indian are partly 
in both hemispheres. 

- « # » -- 

LESSON XX. 

CONTINENTS AND OCEANS. 

To be read by the pupil. 

1 . Knowing now the names of the continents 
and oceans, we must notice some of the most in¬ 
teresting things about them. 

2. Europe.—Crossing the Atlantic let us take a 
“ flying trip ” through Europe. Next to Austra¬ 
lia it is the smallest of the continents. It lies 
chiefly in our own North Temperate Zone. Most 
of the people are Caucasians. As we travel among 
them we hear a great many different languages 
that we do not understand. 

Their cities contain many interesting and beautiful 
buildings and museums full of pictures and all sorts of 
curious things. 

Schools and churches are to be seen everywhere except in 
one part called Turkey ; railways run in every direction, 
and steamboats sail on all the great rivers. We find the 
people busy on farms, in workshops and factories. 

From Europe we buy more things than from any other 
continent, and to it we send more than to any other. 

3. Asia.—Leaving Europe we pass into Asia. 
This is the hirgest continent. It is chiefly in the 
North Temperate Zone. The people on its east¬ 
ern coast are just half-way round the earth from 
us. In Asia we find the highest mountains in the 
world. 

More people live on this continent than in all the others 
together. But there are not so many schools as in Europe 
and America, and the people are not so enlightened. 

They are of various colors. Some of them wear turbans 
instead of hats; others wear their hair in braids or queues 
{kews) two or three feet long. 

4. Africa.—Suppose we now journey toward 
the west, along the Isthmus of Suez, where shall 
Ave be ? In Africa—the second continent in size, 
and the hottest of all. Most of it lies in the 








WESTERN HEMISPHERE 



Map Studies.— What part of the map is north? 
South ? East ? West ? What two continents are in the 
Western Hemisphere ? In what direction is North Amer¬ 
ica from South America? Point in the direction in 
which South America lies from us. 

By what isthmus are North and South America con¬ 
nected? What ocean on the east of them? On the west? 

AVhat ocean round the North Pole? What ocean round 
the South Pole ? 

What four continents in the Eastern Hemisphere ? 


What isthmus between Asia and Africa? In what di¬ 
rection is Africa from Asia ? 

Point in the direction in which Africa lies from us. 
In what direction is Australia from Asia ? 

What sea separates Africa and Europe ? In what 
direction is Europe from Africa ? Point in the direc¬ 
tion in which Europe lies from us. 

What ocean east of Asia ? What ocean west of Africa ? 
What ocean north of Europe and Asia ? 

What ocean between Africa and Australia ? 




































EASTERN HEMISPHERE 



NORTH 


POLE 


Strait o/S 
GihralK^ 


PHILIPPINE 
jL islands 


cuiy^ 


I CEYLON 


•EQUATOR* 


'INEA 


MAPAQASGAP 


-TROPIC OF-CAPRJCORN 


ARCTIi 


SOUTH 

POLE 


What is the heavy black line, crossing the middle of 
the hemispheres from east to west called ? Equator means 
dividing equally. 

What continents lie wholly north of the Equator ? 

What continent lies wholly south of it ? Which two 
are crossed by the Equator ? Is there more land north 
or south of the Equator ? 

Wliich hemisphere contains the larger amount of land? 
What ocean must be crossed to go from South America 
to Africa ? From North America to Europe ? 


In what direction is Europe from Asia ? Africa from 
South America ? Point in the direction in which Asia 
lies from us. 

In what direction is the North Pole from the South 
Pole ? The North Pole from the Equator ? The South 
Pole from the Equator ? 

What continents form the Old World?—Ans. Europe, 
Asia and Africa foim, the Old World. Which form the 
New World?—Ans. North and South America form the 
New World. Point out an island, peninsula, cape. 




































26 


CONTINENTS AND OCEANS. 


Torrid Zone, and it contains the largest desert in 
tlie world. 

Africa is the home of the Negro. There are no railways 
or telegraphs except where the white man has built them. 
The governments are despotic, the people ignorant. 

5. Australia.—A very curious continent is Aus¬ 
tralia. It is the smallest. It is partly in the 
South Temperate Zone and partly in the Torrid. 

The natives are black savages. The plants and animals 
are unlike those of any other continent. The leaves of the 
trees are turned edgewise. Many trees shed their bark in¬ 
stead of their leaves. More wool comes from Australia 
than from any other part of the world. 

6. South America.—Sailing now across the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean we come to the Western Hemisphere, 
and visit South America. It lies cliiefly in the 
Torrid Zone, and is very hot and very moist. 
Here we find the largest river and the longest 
mountain range in tlie world. 

South America is the nearest continent to us, but the 
people are very different from us. They speak languages 
unlike ours, and are not nearly so busy as we are. 

No continent has more beautiful flowers, birds and in¬ 
sects; and its mines are as rich as any in the world. 

7. North America.—Having visited the other 
continents, we return to Nortli America, and find 
that, after all, there is no place like home. Our 
continent is mainly in the North Temperate 
Zone. Its lands are fertile ; it produces nearly 
everything that we need for food or clothing. 

It was once the hunting ground of the red man, but 
about four hundred years ago the white man came from 
Europe and took it for himself. The red man is fast disap¬ 
pearing. I 

8. Atlantic Ocean.—On the Atlantic Ocean j 
there are more ships than on any other, because i 
Europe and North America, which lie on either j 
side of it, carry on more trade than the other 
continents. Steamers and sailing vessels, carry¬ 
ing passengers and goods, are constantly crossing 
this ocean. 

A great stream of warm water flows across the Atlantic, 
from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to the western shores 
of Europe. It is called the Gulf Stream. 

9. The Pacific Ocean has few storms, and this 
is the reason why it is called the Pacific or peace¬ 
ful. It is the largest of all the oceans, and it 
contains more islands than any other. 


A stream of warm water, like the Gulf Stream, flows 
across it, and warms the western shores of North 2\.merica. 

10. The Indian Ocean is sometimes visited by 

the violent tempests called ; and if we 

sail upon it we may be terrified by a water-spout. 

Water-spouts are huge columns of water rising from the 
sea toward the clouds. They go whirling and foaming 
along at a fearful rate. Sailors shoot at them with cannon¬ 
balls to break them, for fear they may come near the ship, 
and All it with water. 

11. The Arctic and Antarctic Oceans are sel¬ 
dom visited by ships. Icebergs or mountains of 
ice float in them. 

For Recitation. 

Can you tell anything interesting about Europe ? 

Europe is the smallest continent but one. It 
is more engaged in manufactures and com¬ 
merce than any other. 

What can you tell about Asia ? 

Asia is the largest continent. It has the 
highest mountains in tlie world. It con¬ 
tains more than half of all the people in 
the world. • 

What can you say about Africa ? 

Africa is the hottest of all the continents. 
It contains the largest desert in the world. 

What can you say of Australia ? 

Australia is the smallest continent. It is 
noted for its strange plants and animals, 
and for its wool. 

What have you learned about South America ? 

South America has the largest river in the 
world, and the longest mountain range. 
It has more beautiful plants and animals 
than any other part of the world. 

Tell me something about North America. 

North America is the continent on which we 
live. Its fertile lands produce nearly 
everything we need for food and clothing. 

What have you learned about the different oceans ? 

The Atlantic has the most ships sailing upon 
it. The Pacific contains the most islands. 
The Indian is noted for its dreadful storms ; 
the Arctic and Antarctic for their icebergs. 








DESCRIPTION OF .COUNTRIES. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


LESSON XXI. 

1 . The continent on whicli we live is called 
North America. It lies between the Atlantic 
Ocean on the east and the Pacific on tlie west. 
Tlie warm' Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean 
are on the south : the Arctic Ocean is on the 
north. 

Thus the continent extends into the Frigid Zone on the 
north, and nearly to the centre of the Torrid Zone on 
the south. It has, there¬ 
fore, almost every kind 
of climate, and a great 
variety of plants and 
animals. 

The coast-line is much 
broken by bays and 
gulfs. There are there¬ 
fore many good harbors. 

2. Mountains.—If 
we look at the map 
of North America 
we shall see that 
there are mountains 
extending, in long 
rows or range s, 
through the western 
])art of the conti¬ 
nent, all the way 
from South America 
to tlie Arctic Ocean. 

Most of these ranges are known as the Rocky 
Mountains. In Mexico they are called the Sierra 
Madre {se-er'-rali viah'-dray). 

To the west of the Rocky Mountains are the 
Sierra Nevada {se-e7''-rah ne-vah'-dali), or Snowy | 
Range, and the Cascade Range. i 

Not far from the eastern shore of the continent 
are the Ap-pa-la'-chi-an ranges. j 

3. The Great Central Plain.—Now let us put i 


our finger on the map at the mouth of the Mis- 
sissiiipi River, and follow this river up as far as 
we can. Then let us trace a line directly north 
to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. 

We shall thus move our finger through the cen¬ 
tral part of the continent. In it there are no 
mountains and hardly any hills; and so this 
region is called the Great Central Plain. 

In this plain are the largest rivers and lakes on the con¬ 
tinent. Lake Superior is the largest fresh-water lake in 

the world. The Missis¬ 
sippi and the Missouri 
together form the long¬ 
est river in the world. 

For Recitation. 

What three oceans near¬ 
ly surround North 
America ? 

The Arctic, the 
Atlantic and the 
Pacific Oceans nearly surround North America. 

What mountain ranges reach from South America to the 
Arctic Ocean 'i* 

The ranges of the Rocky Mountains and the 
Sierra Madre, taken together, reach from South 
America to the Arctic Ocean. 

What mountains are west of the Rocky Mountains 

Tlie Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges are west 
of the Rocky Mountains. 

What mountain ranges are in the eastern part of the conti¬ 
nent ? 

The Appalaehian Mountains are in the eastern 
part of the continent. 

What is the level region extending from north to south 
through the centre of the continent called '? 

The level region extending from north to south 
through the centre of the continent is called the 
Great Central Plain. 



Ni.\gara Falls. \_See page 31.] 


I 


27 














28 NORTH AMERICA: COUNTRIES, DISCOVERY, S E T T L E M E N T —M A P STUDIES. 


LESSON XXII. j 

1. Countries.—North America contains several 
different countries. Our own country, the United 
States, is in the middle. 

If we travel northward from the United States, 
we enter the cold Dominion of Canada. If we 
go northeast from Canada, we come to icy 
Greenland and Iceland. 

If we go southward from our own country, we 
enter the warm, sunny lands of Mexico and Cen¬ 
tral America. 

2. Discovery.—In the year 1492—that is, about 
400 years ago—Christopher Columbus sailed from 
a country in Europe called Spain. He had three 
small ships. He sailed on the great Atlantic toward 
the west, until at last he came to land. It was 
one of the beautiful islands of the West Indies. 

When Columbus reached the shore, the red 
men, dressed in feathers and decked in gold came 
to meet him, offering him fruit and other provi¬ 
sions. Columbus had discovered America. 

The continent w^as named Amer ica from Ameri- 
cus Yespucius, a friend of Columbus. 

3. Settlement.—After the discovery of the 
New World,” a great many people from Europe 

settled there. 

If we should go to-day to Mexico, Central 
America or the West Indies, we should hear the 
people talking Spanish. This is because the 
Spaniards settled these parts of North America. 

If we should visit some parts of Canada we 
should hear many of the people speaking French. 
The early settlers there came from France. 

In the United States the people speak English. 
Most of the settlers here were from England. 

For Recitation. 

Name the countries of North America. 

The countries of North America are the 
United States, Dominion of Canada, Dan¬ 
ish America, Mexico and Central America. 

From what countries of Europe did most of the people 
come who settled North America ? 

Most of the people who settled North America 
came from England, France and Spain. 


Where did the English settlers go ? 

The English settled along the Atlantic coast* 
To what part of the continent did the French go ? 

Most of the French went to Canada. 

Where did the Spanish settlers go ? 

The Spanish settlers went to Mexico, Cen¬ 
tral America and the West Indies. 

--- 

MAP STUDIES. 

Note.— In conducting Map Studies very great aid will be found 
from the use of the Wall Maps which have been prepared to accom¬ 
pany this series of Geographies. 

W^liat ocean is north of North America ? What ocean 
is east ? West ? AVliat ocean and gulf south ? What 
continents are separated by Behring (bee'-ring) Strait ? 

What countries are in Nortli America ? In Avhat part 
of North America is Canada ? What bay and strait 
separate Canada and Greenland ? 

Where is Greenland ? Point in the direction of 
Greenland. What island east of Greenland ? 

To what country do Greenland and Iceland belong ? 
— Ans. To a country in Europe called Denmark. They 
are., therefore, called Danish America. 


On what river can you sail from Lake Winnepeg into 
Hudson Bay ? Through Avhat river do the waters of 
the Great Slave Lake and Bear Lake flow to the ocean? 

Wliere is Newfoundland ? What division of land is 
it ? Point in the direction of it. 

In what part of North America is the United States ? 
i AVhat portion of the United States is nearest to Asia ? 
What river crosses Alaska ? 


What country bounds the United States on the north ? 
What country on the south ? Point in the direction of 
Mexico. What gulf east of ^Mexico ? 

What two countries nearly inclose the Gulf of Mexico ? 
Wdiat peninsula northeast of the Gulf of ^Mexico ? 

What country between Mexico and South America ? 
Wdiere are the West Indies ? Name the large.st of them. 

What sea south of the West Indies ? Of what ocean 
is it a part ? Where is Cape Race ? Cape St. Lucas ? 

Exercise with the Scale. —In the left-hand lower 
corner of the map you Avill find a “Scale of Miles.” 
Mark the length of the scale on a piece of paper. Use 
it as a measure, and tell how far it is from Newfound¬ 
land to Vancouver Island. How far is it across the 
Isthmus of Panama I From New York to Havana ? 













from 


,ernavik 


Arctic 


CIRCLE 


Strait 


Winnipeg 


\ Quebe<^ 
\Jrdntreal/5'^ 




W h i tn ey.^-^ 


St.Louib "VA 




havai^^ 


>HFXlCO-.i> 


lyera Cruz 




°'t<t ConceptionjL ® 

^e/v. 




V\aX'.® 


V 




ry- 


'> 2 X 0 


1000 


Longitude East 


NORTH AMERICA*^ 

_SCALE OF MILES 


0 100 300 5o¥ 


too.ooo 

SQUARE 

MILES 


Longitude 


West 


from 


Washington 


.WELLS, DEL. 


KUSlSELL d STROJHERS^ ENG’S, NEW YORK 























































V < 


THE UNITED STATES. 


I 



MOUTH or THE MISSISSIPPI 


SMITHSONIAN 

LESSON XXIII. 

OUK OWN COUNTRY. 

1. Name.—Why are we called the United 
States ? Look at the map. It shows a large 
country divided into many parts. These parts 
are States; and because they are united as one 
country, they are called the United States. 
The country is sometimes called ‘‘the Union.” 


What is the great • 
est distance 
across the 

United States from east to west ? 


COLORADO CAAIOM. 


The greatest distance across the United States 
from east to west is about 2,600 miles. 


2. Size.—The United States reaches from the 
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It takes a whole 
week to go by railroad from New York, on its 
eastern shore, to San Francisco, on its western 
shore. The distance is about 2,600 miles. From 
north to south it is about 1,700 miles. 

3. Rank.—The United States has more people 
and more wealth than any other country in the 
Western Hemisphere. It is one of the great 
countries of the world. 


What is the greatest distance from north to south ? 

The greatest distance from north to south is 
about 1,700 miles. 

What rank has the United States among the countries of 
the world ? 

The United States is one of the great coun¬ 
tries of the world. 

— - 

LESSON XXIV. 


For Recitation. 

Why is our country called the United States ? 

Onr country is called the United States be¬ 
cause it is made up of many separate States 
united under one government. 


1. Where do we find mountains in our country, 
and where is the land level ? 

2. Appalachian Mountains.—Several mountain 
ranges are near the Atlantic coast. They extend 
nearly from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. Taken 

30 



















THE UNITED STATES: MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES. 


31 


together they are called the Appalachian Moun¬ 
tains. 

From them we get the coal that we burn in our 
stoves, and the iron of which the stoves are made. 
Their sides are covered with forests. 

Notice how many streams there are on both sides of these 
mountains. Some go eastward into the Atlantic. Some go 
west into the Mississippi. A mountain range that thus 
separates rivers is called a watershed. 

3. Rocky Mountains. —In the western part of 
the United States are the Rocky Mountains. 
They cross the country from north to south. 
They are grander than the Appalachians. Many 
of them are more than two miles high. 

The largest rivers in our country have their 
sources among them. 

4. Canons (can'-yons ).—In the Rocky Mountain region 
are the wonderful gorges called cartons. They are passages 
worn by rivers through the rocks. Those of the Colorado 
River are more than a mile deep. 

5. Sierra Nevada Mountains. —Still farther west 
than the Rocky Mountains, we reach the range 
called the Sierra Nevada. It contains some of the 
highest mountains in our country. The largest 
trees in the world grow on its western slopes. 

North of the Sierra Nevada is the Cascade 
Range. 

6. Plateau. —A high plain or plateau lies be¬ 
tween the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the 
Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range on the west. 
It is more than a mile high. We call it the Great 
Plateau. 

7. Mississippi Valley.— A vast region of nearly 
level land lies between the Appalachian Moun¬ 
tains and the Rocky Mountains. The great Mis¬ 
sissippi River flows through it, and therefore it 
is called the Mississippi Valley. 

Large portions of this valley are prairies. 

For Recitation. 

What mountains in the eastern part of the United States ? 

The Appalachian Mountains are in the east¬ 
ern part of the United States. 

What mountains in the western part of the United States ? 

The Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, 
and Cascade Range are in the western part I 
of the United States. l 


VV'here is the Great Plateau ? 

The Great' Plateau is between the Rocky 
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cas¬ 
cade Range. 

Where is the Mississippi Valley ? 

The Mississippi Valley lies between the Rocky 
Mountains and the Appalachians. 


LESSON XXV. 

1. Mississippi River. —Let us now look a. some 
of the rivers and lakes of our country. 

The largest and most useful river is the Missis¬ 
sippi. This is the Indian name. It means 

Fatlier of Waters,” or “ Great River.” 

Look at the map. The Mississipjji passes 
through the country from north to south. This 
is one reason why it is so useful. 

Near its source grow great forests, A little farther south 
are the vast wheat and corn-fields of the prairies. Near its 
mouth it flows through plantations of sugar-cane. 

The woodman, the farmer and the planter all need one 
another’s produce, and the Mississippi helps them to make 
the exchange. It is thus a very useful highway of trade. 

The “ Father of Waters ” lias a great many 
rivers flowing into it. Such rivers are called 
tributaries. They flow down both sides of the 
valley, coming from the Rocky Mountains in the 
west and the Appalachians in the east. The 
Missouri and the Ohio are the most important. 
Hundreds of steamboats are constantly carrying 
goods up and down these two rivers. 

2. The Great Lakes. —On the northern border 
of our country are five great lakes. They are like 
little oceans. When we sail upon them, we are 
often out of sight of land. 

They are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, 
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake Superior is the largest. 

3. Niagara Falls. —Between Lakes Erie and 
Ontario something very grand takes place. Lake 
Ontario is about 300 feet lower than Lake Erie, 
and so the water pouring from four of the Great 
Lakes has to descend all that height to reach On¬ 
tario. While it is descending it takes one leap 
of 162 feet. 

Tills makes the wonderful “ Falls of Niagara” 












MAP STUDIES. 

Compare this map with 
the map of North America 
on page 29. Are they on 
the same scale ? If not, 
which is on the larger 
scale ? 

What distance does an 
inch represent on each ? 

What ocean on the east 
of the United States ? 

What ocean on the west ? 

What gulf and country 
on the south ? What coun¬ 
try on the north ? 

* What four great lakes lie 
between Canada and the 
United States ? 

Through what river do 
the waters of these lakes 
flow to the ocean ? 

Ans. The water of the 
Oreat Lakes finds its way to 
the ocean through the St. 

Lawrence. 

What mountains in the 
eastern part of the United 
States ? 

Name some of the 
ranges. In what direction 
do they extend ? 

What great mountain 
range in the western part 
of the United States? What 
three mountain ranges near 
the Pacific coast ? 

What great river flows 
into the Gulf of Mexico ? 

In what direction does it 
flow ? Which is the largest eastern tributary of the Missis¬ 
sippi ? Which is the largest western tributary ? 

Among what mountains do most of the western tributaries 
of the Mississippi rise ?—Ans. Most of the western tributaries 
of the Mississippi rise among the Rocky Mountains. 

Among what mountains do the great eastern tributaries 
of the Mississippi rise ?—Ans. The great eastern tributaries 
of the Mississippi rise among the Appalachian Mountains. Thus 
the Mississippi is like a great gutter or trough. 

Suppose now it should rain at the same time all over the 
United States ; how would most of the rain-water find its 
way to the ocean ? 

How are the different States shown on the map? By what 
kind of lines are their boundaries marked ? When a river 
forms the whole, or part of a boundary, the line of the river alone 


marks the boundary. Wliich 
States border on the Gulf 
of Mexico ? 

Which border on the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean? How many 
border on the Atlantic ? 

{Ga 2 ntals are marked l/y 
a star .) What is the capital 
of the United States ?— 

Ans. Washington. 

Which State is farthest 
from Washington toward the northeast ? Which is farthest ki 
toward the southwest ? Toward the west ? 

In what State do you live ? Find the capital of your State 
on the map ? Is your State among the mountains or in file 












































20 from Greenwich 


the level part of the country ? Does it border on the ocean ? 

In what direction must you go from your State to reach 
Washington ? To reach the Atlantic Ocean ? The Gulf of 
Mexico ? The Great Lakes? The Rocky Mountains ? 


Use the scale of miles and tell how far it is from the 
capital of your State to Washington. From New York 
across the country to San Francisco. From the northern 
boundary of Dakota to the most southern point of Texas. 


































































34 


THE UNITED STATES: OCCUPATIONS. 


For Kecitation. 

What is the largest river in our country ? 

The Mississippi is the largest river in onr 
country. 

Name one of its great uses. 

One of its great uses is to help the people of 
the Mississippi Valley to exchange their 
products. 

Name the Great Lakes. 

The Great Lakes are Lakes Superior, Mich¬ 
igan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. 

Which is the largest of the Great Lakes ? 

Lake Superior is the largest of the Great 
Lakes. 

What waterfalls are between Lakes Erie and Ontario ? 

The Falls of Niagara are between Lakes Erie 
and Ontario. 


LESSON XXVI. 

1. Agriculture is the chief occupation of our 
people. Let us take a journey from the mouth of 
the Mississippi to Canada, and notice what the 
planters and farmers are chiefly raising. 

First of all we pass through the belt of warm 
Southern States where snow and ice are seldom j 
seen. Here we And groves of orange and lemon 
trees, and fields of sugar-cane, rice and cotton. In 
some parts the banana and other tropical fruits 
are grown. 

We enter next a belt where the weather is cooler. 
It begins a little above the line marked 35 on 
the map. We are now surrounded by fields of 
corn, tobacco, hemp and wheat. In some parts 
of this belt grapes and peaches grow abundantly. 

Still journeying northward, Ave cross the line 
marked 40 on the map. ^Ye are noAv in a third 
belt, in Avhich the Avinters are very cold. More 
wheat and hay are groAvn here than anywhere 
else in the country. Vast numbers of cattle are 
raised, and much fine butter and cheese are made. 
In the far north a great deal of lumber is cut. 

2. Manufacturing employs a large number of 
people. Some of them make muslins and calico 
from the, cotton that groAVS in the South ; others 


make clothing, boots and shoes, Avatches and 
clocks, tools for farmers, railroad engines and 
many other things. 

3. Mining is another important occupation. 
The United States has rich mines of silver and 
gold, and other metals. It would take thousands 
of years to burn up our beds of coal. 

4. Commerce.—Many of our people are engaged 
in commerce. Some buy things made or groAvn 
in one part of the United States, and sell them 
in other parts. 

This is called domestic commerce. 

Some merchants send to other countries the 
cotton and Avheat, tobacco and petroleum that 
Ave do not need, and bring back to us silks, linen, 
coffee, tea, spices and otlier things groAvn or man¬ 
ufactured abroad. 

This is called foreign commerce. 

For Recitation. 

What is the most important occupation of the people of 
the United States ? 

Agriculture is the most important occupation 
of the people of the United States. 

What crops are grown in the warmest belt of our country ( 
Cotton, sugar and rice are the great crops 
groAvn in the Avarmest belt of our country. 

What crops are raised in the cooler middle belt ? 

Corn, tobacco, hemp and wheat are the great 
crops of the middle belt of our country. 

What do most of the farmers do in the northern belt of our 
country ? 

In the northern belt of our country most of 
the farmers grow wheat and hay, raise cat¬ 
tle and make butter and cheese. 

Name some of the things made by our manufacturers. 

Our manufacturers make cotton cloth, cloth¬ 
ing, boots and shoes, tools for farmers, rail¬ 
road engines and a great many other 
things. 

Name some of our mineral products. 

Some of our mineral products are gold and 
silver, copper, lead, iron and coal. 









THE UNITED STATES: G O E R N M E N T, II I S T D R Y , G R O \V T I I. 


35 


Name some of our chief exports. 

Some of our chief exports are cotton, wheat, 
tobacco and petroleum. 

What are some of our chief imports ? 


4. Growth.—Since that time thousands of set¬ 
tlers have come here from various countries of 
Europe, and the United States has grown in a 
i wonderful manner. 


Our chief imports are silks, linens, coEee, tea 
and spices. 


LESSON XXVII. 

1. Washington is the cajiital of our country. 
It is named after General Washington. He chose 
the place for it, and drew a plan to show how it 
should be built. Where the city, with its mag¬ 
nificent public buildings, now stands, there was 
in his days nothing but woods, marshes 


Then there were thirteen States ; now there are thirty- 
eight States and ten Territories. Then our country was 
only a narrow strip along the Atlantic sea-coast; now it 
extends to the Pacific Ocean. 

Then there were no canals, railroads or steamboats ; 
now steamers ply on every large river, and railroads have 
crossed the Appalachians and even the Rocky Mountains. 
Then there were only three million people ; now there are 
more than fifty millions. 

5. Sections of the United States.—The thirty- 
eight States and ten Territories are divided into 
the following groups or sections : The New Eng¬ 


and cornfields. 

Washington is situated in what is 
called the District of Columbia, 
wdiich was named after Columbus, in 
honor of his great discovery. Can you 
tell what that was ? 

2. Government.—Our country is a 
Republic. The highest officer is called 
the President. He is chosen by the 
people, to serve four years. Some per¬ 
sons are also chosen by the people to go 
every year to Washington to make laws. 
These persons form the Congress. 



3. History.—A little more than one 
hundred years ago there were thirteen 
colonies—that is, settlements—along our Atlantic 
coast, belonging to England. 

The king of England did not govern these col¬ 
onies well. The people became dissatisfied, and 
on the 4th of July, 1776, declared, in what is 
known as the Declaration of Independence, 
that they would not be governed by England 
any longer. 

War with England followed. General Wash¬ 
ington, one of the greatest and best of men, com¬ 
manded our armies. The war lasted nearly seven 
years. We were victorious. 

Tlie thirteen independent States Joined them¬ 
selves together under one government. They 
called themselves the United States. 


Thk Caimtol at Washington. 

land States, the Middle Atlantic, the Southern, 
the Central, and the Rocky Mountain and Pacific. 

For Recitation. 

What and where is the capital of our country ? 

Washington is the capital of our country. 
It is in the District of Columbia. 

What form of government has our country ? 

Our country is a Republic. 

Name the highest officer of our government. 

The highest officer of our government is the 
President. 

What body makes the laws of the United States ? 

Congress makes the laws of the United 
States. 














36 


THE NEW ENGLAND STATES: NAME, T L Y M O U T II COLONY. 



How many colonies belonging to Plngland were there one 
hundred years ago on the Atlantic coast i 
One hundred years ago England had tliirteen 
colonies on, the Atlantic coast. 

When England taxed the colonies unjustly what did 
they do ? 

When England taxed the colonies unjustly they 
fought, and gained their independence. 

How many States and Territories does the United States 
contain ? 

The United States contains thirty-eight States 
and ten Ter¬ 
ritories. 

How has the popu¬ 
lation grown in 
one hundred 
years ? 

The population 
of the United 
States has in- 
creased in 
one hundred 
years from 
three mill¬ 
ions to more 
than fifty 
millions. 


THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

LESSON XXVIII. 

1. The New England States.—Now that we have 
glanced at the whole of our country, suppose we 
make a visit to the New England States. 

2. Name.—One of the first things that will 
excite our curiosity is the name. Why are these 
States called New England ? About two hundred 
and fifty years ago. Captain John Smith, of 
England, when searching for whales, sailed to the 
coast of this region. He explored a part of the 
country, made a map of it, and called it New 
England after his old home, England. 

3. Plymouth Colony.—In 1620, a few years 
after Captain Smith’s visit to New England, a 
small band of brave men came over in a little ves¬ 


sel called the Mayflower. After a rough voyage 
they landed on tlie coast of Massachusetts at a 
place which they called Plymouth {plim'utli). 

Here they made the settlement which is known 
as Plymouth Colony. They have been called 
‘‘the Pilgrim Fathers.” 

In the early years of the colony they endured 
great hardships. Sometimes they were almost 
starved. Still they persevered. 

More settlers came. Boston and other towns 
were founded, and New England steadily grew in 
population. 

4. The New England States are six. They are 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, 

Connecticut (hon- 
net'-e-hut), and 
Rhode Island. 

They are in the 
northeastern cor¬ 
ner of the country. 
Can you point 
them out on the 
map of the United 
States ? 

For Recitation. 

Why was this section 
called New Eng¬ 
land ? 

This section was 
called New Eng¬ 
land by Captain 

John Smith, in honor of old England. 

Who first settled New England ? 

The Pilgrims, who came over in the 3£ay- 
floiver in 1620, first settled New England. 

What colony did they found ? 

The Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony. 
Name the New England States, with their capitals. 

States. Capitals. 

Maine, Augusta. 

New Hampshire, Concord. 

Vermont, Montpelier. 

Massachusetts, Boston. 

Connecticut, Hartford. 

( Providence, 

/ Newport. 


Rhode Island, 











THE NEW ENGLAND STATES: SURFACE, CLIMATE, P R 0 D U C T I f) N S 


37 


LESSON XXIX. I 

1. Surface.—Most of New England is hilly, j 

Parts of it are mountainous. The country is 
Tery unlike the level land of the prairies. j 

The mountains belong to the Appalachian ! 
ranges. In Vermont and Massachusetts they are j 
called the Green Mountains. In New Hampshire 
they are called the White Mountains. 

The White Mountains are the highest in New England. 
They are famous for their beautiful scenery, and are often 
visited by travellers. 

2. Climate.—The winters of New England are 
long and very cold. 

Many of the rivers, lakes and ponds are frozen 
over, sometimes to the depth of two or three feet. 
Large cpiantities of ice are gathered. This is ! 
stored away until summer, when it is shipped to 
the warmer j^arts of our own country and to other 
countries. 

Maine is famed for its ice crop. 

3. Productions.—Among the mineral products 
of New England the gi’anite of New Hampshire, 
the marble of Vermont, and the sandstone of 
Connecticut are widely known. 

The New England farms are small, and produce 
a gi’eat variety of crops. The chief products are 
potatoes, hay, oats, corn and fruits. ATheat is 
raised, but not enough 
to supply the wants of 
New England itself. 

Immense quantities of 
the potatoes grown arc 
used for the manufacture 
of starch. 

The horses, cattle 
and sheep that pas¬ 
ture upon the grassy 
hillsides of Vermont 
are famous. The but¬ 
ter and cheese made in 
this State are among 
the very best. 

4. Maple Sugar.— 

An interesting thing 


done by some of the farmers is the making of 
maple sugar. 

In the spring the sap or juice of trees begins to rise. 
The farmers bore holes in the trunks of the sugar-maple 
trees, put in little tubes of wood, and catch the sap in pails 
placed to receive it. The sap is poured into large iron 
kettles and boiled. A large part of the water is boiled 
away, and the sap becomes syrup. More boiling turns the 
syrup into sugar. 

5. Lumbering.—There are great forests in 
Maine and New Hampshire, and many of the 
people are employed during the winter months in 
what is called hwibering. 

The lumbermen go into the forests and live in 
huts or tents. They cut down the trees and haul 
the logs over the snow to the banks of the frozen 
streams. AVlien spring comes and the ice melts, 
the logs are floated down the rivers to saw-mills, 
Avhere they are cut into boards. 

Thousands of logs descend tlie Penobscot River 
to the city of Bangor, which is the greatest lum¬ 
ber market of NeAv England. 

For Recitation. 

Name the princijjal mountains of New England. 

The i)rincipal mountains of New England 
are the Green Mountains and the AVdiite 
Mountains. 

What can you say of the climate of New England ? 

The summers of New England are short. 
Tlie winters are long and cold. The gather¬ 
ing of ice is an important industry. 

What do the New England farmers chiefly raise ? 

The Netv England farmers chiefly raise pota¬ 
toes, hay, oats, corn and fruits. The 
butter and clieese of Vermont are famous. 
How are maple syrup and maple sugar made ? 

Maple syrup and majAe sugar are made by 
boiling down the saj) of the sugar-maple 
tree. It becomes first syrup, then sugar. 
What States are famed for lumbering ? 

Maine and Netv Hampshire are famed for 
lumbering. 

Name the great lumber market of New England. 

Bangor, on the Penobscot, is the great lum¬ 
ber market of New England. 













38 


THE NEW ENGLAND STATES: MAP STUDIES — MANUFACTURING 


MAP STUDIES. 

In what part of the United States is New England ? 
How many New England States are there ? 

Which is the most northern ? Which is the most 
southern ? Which is the largest ? The smallest ? Rhode 
Idand is also the smallest State in the linioii. 

W hich of these States has no sea-coast ? For this 
reason Vermont is called an inland State. 

What mountains are in Vermont? In New Hamp¬ 
shire ? Where is Mount Ka-tah'-din ? 

Which is the longest river of New England ? Be¬ 
tween what two States does the Connecticut run ? Into 
what does it flow ? llie Connecticut Valley has the best 
land in New England, and is famous for its tobacco crof. 

Wdiich two of the rivers of Maine are the largest ? For 
what is the Kennebec noted ? — Ans. The Kennebec is 
noted for its salmon. 


Scale. —Which is larger, the scale of this map or that 
of the map of the United States ? What does an inch 
represent on this map ? What does an inch represent on 
the map of the United States ? Use the scale and meas¬ 
ure the distance from Boston to Portland. 

Map Drawing. —Connecticut has simple boundary 
lines, and it may be well to let the class copy the map 
of this State upon their slates, and afterward try to draw 
it from memory. 

Review. —By way of review four columns may be put 
1 on the blackboard ; the flrst for the name of each State, 
the second for the largest river in each, the third for 
the capital, the fourth for the chief city. These should 
be called for from the class, and written in their ap¬ 
propriate columns. 


LESSON XXX. 


What river forms a part of the northern boundary of 
Maine ? What river is the outlet of Lake Winuipiseogee 
{win-ne-pe-soh'-he) ? 

For what is the Merrimac famed ? — Ans. I'he Mer- 
rimac is famed for the number of factory wheels it drives. 

Bound Maine. In giving the boundaries proceed in 
this manner: Maine is bounded on the north by Canada., 
on the east by Canada, and the Atlantic., on the south by the 
Atlantic., on the west Iry New llampsldre and Canada. 

Bound New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts. 
Rhode Island. Connecticut. 

What cape on the coast of Massachusetts ? What 
body of water lies soutli of Connecticut ? What island 
south of this sound ? What is a sound ? Ans.— A 
sound is a narroiv and not very deep passage of water. 


1. Manufacturing is the chief business of New 
England. Many of tlie rivers run swiftly down to 
the sea, and thus afford a great deal of water¬ 
power. This has led many people to become 
manufacturers. 

They have built mills and factories along the 
banks of many of the streams. Cotton and wool¬ 
len cloths are made, clothing, boots and shoes, 
machinery and hardware, watches, clocks and 
many other useful articles. 


2. A Factory is usually a large building several 



cotton and wool are spun into thread, -woven into 
cloth, and colored— all by machinery. 


Where is Massachusetts Bay ? What capital city is 
upon it ? What city near Boston is famed for its uni¬ 
versity ?— Ans. Cambridge, which contains Harvard Uni¬ 
versity. Where is Narragansett Bay ? Newport, a 
famous bathing place, is on Narragansett Bay. 

Where is Casco Bay ? What commercial city is on 
Casco Bay ? On wliat river is Augusta ? 

What city on the Penobscot is the great lumber mar¬ 
ket ? On wliat river is Concord ? Montpelier ? 

In what State do you live ? If not in New England, 
in what direction is New England from you ? 

In what direction is Maine from Connecticut ? Rhode 
Island from Vermont ? Portland from Boston ? Wor¬ 
cester from Boston ? New York from Boston ? 

Suppose you were on a steamboat going up the Con¬ 
necticut River, in what direction would you be going ? 
In what direction do the Green Mountains e.xtend ? 


The weaving machines work almost like human beings. 
If a thread breaks, the machinery stops until somebody 
comes and mends the thread, before it will go on again. 

Sometimes more than a thousand persons are employed 
in a single factory. If you can do so, go and see a factory. 

[If any pupil has ever visited a factory, let him state what he saw.] 

j 3. Manufacturing Cities.—Among the manufac¬ 
turing cities are Lowell and Lawrence, Man¬ 
chester and Nashua. These are all famed for 
their cotton-mills. They are on a river called the 
Merrimac, which moves more machinery than any 
I other river in the world. 

I Fall River is celebrated for its printed cotton 
! cloths. Otlier important manufacturing cities 
1 are Worcester {woof-ter), Springfield, Lynn, 















from 70 Greenwich 69 


46 



Portland 


47 


Cape Cod 






% 

* 

c 

« 


\ 



y 


> . 



C) 


0 



43 




V 


NEW ENGLAND 
STATES. 


N G ( S L A N 0 




4 


SCALE OF MILES 
•ul_I_I_ I I 

10 20 30 10 50 


Brooklyn 


1-WELL$, 06U, 


NAF TUCKET I. 

Largest City in each State underlined 


12 


hoD^tude 6 East 


from 7 'Washington 8 


KU6SELL A STROTHERS,ENQ S,N,Y. 







































































































































40 


NEW ENGLAND STATES: COMMERCE, FISHERIES.—THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 


Taunton, in Massachusetts ; Providence and ter and Nashua, Providence, Hartford and New 
Pawtucket, in Rhode Island; Hartford, New Haven, Biddeford and Lewiston are the leading 
Haven, Bridgeport, in Connecticut ; Bidde- manufacturing cities. 

FORD and Lewiston, in Maine. [Let the pupil tell in what state each of these cities is found.] 



4. Commerce.—The long and jagged sea-coast 
of New England affords 
many fine harbors. A\ her- 
ever there is a good harbor, 
we find a town or city, and 
the people actively engaged 
in commerce. 

Ships are busy carrying- 
ice, lumber and nnmerons 
manufactured articles to 
various ])orts of the United 
States. 

Railroads also connect 
New England with every 
part of the country. 

Thus the cotton-weavers of 
Ijowell and Fall River, and the shoemakers of Lynn, can 
readily send their goods to cities and towns all over the 
land. 

5. Commercial Cities.—The leading commercial 
city is Boston. It is the largest city in New 
England. Nowhere are the public schools and 
libraries better, or the peojile more highly edu¬ 
cated. 

Portland has one of the best harbors on the 
Atlantic coast. It is the largest city in Maine. 

6. Fisheries.—Many-of the peoi)le who live on 
the coast of New England are fishermen. They 
catch large (piantities of cod and mackerel. 

Gloucester (glos'-ter) and New Bedford are 
the principal fishing-ports. 


What are the chief occupations along the sea-coast ? 

Commerce and fishing are the chief occupa¬ 
tions along the sea-coast. 

Name the leading commercial 
cities. 

Boston and Portland are 
the leading commercial 
cities. 

What are the principal fishing- 
ports of New England ? 

Gloucester and New Bed¬ 
ford are the principal fish¬ 
ing-ports of New England. 


THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 

LESSON XXXI. 

1. Middle Atlantic States.—Leaving New Eng¬ 
land let us visit the Middle Atlantic States. All 
of them except two lie along the Atlantic coast, 
and are between the New England States on 
one side and the Southern States on the other. 
Hence they are called Middle Atlantic. 

These States are New York, New Jersey, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West 
Virginia. New York and Pennsylvania are the 
most populous States of the Union. 


For Recitation. 

Whiit is the chief occupation of New England ? 

Manufacturing is the chief occupation of 
New England. 

Name the principal articles manufactured. 

Cotton and woollen goods, clothing, boots 
and shoes, machinery and hardware are 
the principal articles mannfaetured. 

What are the leading manufacturing cities ? 

Fall River, Lowell and Worcester, Manches- 


2. Early Settlements.—The first permanent 
English colony in America was the one established 
at Jamestown, in Virginia, in 1607. Virginia is 
thus the oldest of the States, and is sometimes 
called the “Old Dominion.” 

In 1609, Hendrick Hudson discovered the 
Hudson River. A few years after this settlers 
came from Holland, and founded Albany on the 
Hudson, and New Amsterdam on Manhattan Isl¬ 
and. This last was the beginning of what is now 
I the city of New York. In 1664, when England 















THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES: SURFACE, RIVERS, CLIMATE. 


41 



took possession of these 
colonies, she changed 
the name of New Amsterdam to New York. 

In 1681, about two hundred years ago, William 
Penn, an English Quaker, established a colony 
where Philadelphia now stands. The country 
was then covered with woods, and so it was called 
Penn-sylvania, or Penn’s Woods. 


■igi I Wlifit States did Swedish col¬ 
onists settle ? 

The States of New Jersey and Delaware were 
settled by Swedish colonists. 


LESSON XXXII. 


In 1634, Maryland was settled by some English 
Roman Catholics, under the brother of Lord 
Baltimore, in honor of whom the city of Balti¬ 
more was named. 

New Jersey and Delaware were settled by 
Swedes. 


For Recitation. 


Name the Middle Atlantic States, with their capitals. 


States. 

New York, 

New' Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

West Virginia, 


Capitals. 

Albany. 

Trenton. 

Harrisburg, 

Dover. 

Annapolis. 

Richmond. 

Wheeling. 


Where was the first permanent settlement made? 

The first permanent settlement was made at 
Jamestown, in Virginia, in 1607. 


By whom was New York settled ? 


1. Surface.—Along the ocean the land of these 
States is level. Some distance from the sea-shore 
it begins to rise, and we find ourselves among 
hills, then among mountains. 

We rise higher and higher until we reach at 
last the tops of the Alleghanies and Blue Ridge. 
Here we are nearly a mile al)ove the sea. 

The Adirondacks, in New York, contain the 
highest peak in the Middle Atlantic States. 
These mountains and the Catskills are very much 
frequented for the beauty of their scenery. 

2. Rivers. — Many rivers flow through these 
States, some into the Atlantic, others into the 
Ohio. The most important are the Hudson, the 
Delaware, the Potomac and the James. 

Several of those that flow into the Atlantic have to pass 
through gaps in the mountains, called water gaps. The 
scenery about them is very beautiful. The most remark¬ 
able are those of the Hudson at West Point, the Delaware at 
Delaware Water Gap, and the Potomac at Harper’s Ferry. 


New York was settled by the Dutch, in 1614. 
Who settled Pennsylvania ? 

Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers under 
William Penn. 

By whom was Maryland settled ? 


3. Climate.—In the northern portions of these 
States the climate is very much like that of New 
England. The snow is often very deep. 

As we go further south the climate becomes 
milder, and in the southern part of Virginia snow 
is seldom seen. 


Maryland was settled by Englisli Roman 
Catholics. 


4. Farm Products.—Farming is a more impor- 
i tiint industry than in New England. 




















42 


THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES; FARM F R O D U C T S — M A P STUDIES. 


The principal crops are hay, potatoes and oats, 
>yheat, corn and huckAvheat. These grow in all 
the States. 

Maryland and Virginia are noted for tobacco. 

New Jersey, Maryland and Delaware are famed 
for their peaches and strawberries. 

i\Iany fanners have large peach orchards, from which 
they send thousands of baskets of this fruit every season to 
New York and Philadelphia. 

New Jersey is a great market garden. 

As we pass through the State we see vegetables culti¬ 
vated everywhere. These are grown for the markets of 
New York, Philadelphia and the neighboring cities. 

The market gardens near Norfolk, Virginia, also supply 
the northern markets with early vegetables. 

New York and Pennsylvania are specially noted 
for cattle and sheep, butter and cheese, hides and 
wool. 


MAP STUDIES. 

In wdiat direction arc the Middle Atlantic States from 
New England ? Which two of the Middle Atlantic 
States border on the Great Lakes ? 

AVhat States bound Ne\v York on the east ? On the 
south ? AVhat two lakes and rivers on the northwest ? 

By what river are the two lakes connected ? In what 
direction does it flow ? AVhat makes Niagara River 
famous ? 

AVluit river forms the outlet of the Great Lakes ? 
AVhat is its direction ? 

What lake between New York and Vermont ? AA^hat 
lake south of Lake Champlain {sham-plain) ? 

Both of these lakes are famed far their heautiful scenery. 
Many travellers visit them every year. 

AVhat mountains in New York ? What important 
river rises in tlie Ad-i-ron'-dack Mountains ? 

In wdiat direction does it flow ? Measure its length by 
the scale of miles. AVhat is the principal tributary of 
the Hudson ? 


AA^liat river and lake does the Erie Canal connect ? 
IIow’- then can a boatload of wdieat be brought from 
Lake Erie to New' York City ? 

AVhat cities are at the ends of the Erie Canal? Where 
is New York City ? Point toward it. 

Bound Pennsylvania. What mountains do you find 
in this State ? AA'liat river separates Pennsylvania from 
New' Jersey ? Into wdiat does it flow ? 

AVhat river rises in New York and crosses Pennsyl¬ 


vania ? What tw o rivers form the Oliio ? AVhat two 
cities at their junction ? 

The Alleghany passes through the region from which we 
get petroleum or rock-oil. 

What city on tliis river shows by its name that it is 
in the midst of the oil wells ? What great city at the 
junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers ? 

AVhat does its name mean ? — Ans. Brotherly Love. It 
was founded hy Quakers. AA^hat city on Lake Erie ? 

Bound New' Jersey. What river between New' Jersey 
and Pennsylvania ? What cape forms the soutliern ex¬ 
tremity of New Jersey ? AVhere is Long Branch ? (See 
small map.) Cajw May and Ijong Branch are pmpular 
watering-pdaces. AVhat large city of New' Jersey opposite 
New York City ? AVhere is Newark ? 


Bound Delaware. On what river is Wilmington ? 
As you pass down Dehuvare Bay to the ocean, what 
State is on your right hand ? 

Wliat one on your left ? Suppose you go w'estward or 
southward from Delaw'are, w hat State do j'ou enter ? 

Bound Maryland. AAdiat mountains cross this State ? 
What bay and river divide it into tw'o parts ? 

AAdiat two cities on the bay ? AVhich of them is the 
capital ? AVhere is Cumberland ? Frederick ? 

AA'^hat river separates Maryland from Virginia ? AVhat 
District is situated on this river ? What State is fvn 
three sides of the District of Columbia ? 

AVhat noted city does this District contain ? Point 
tow'ard Washington. 

Crossing tlie Potomac from AA'ashington, w'hat State 
do you enter ? Bound Virginia. What mountain range 
separates Virginia from Kentucky ? 

What mountains are between Virginia and AVest Vir- 
o'inia ? What range crosses the State ? 

O O 


AVhat rivers break througli the Blue Ridge ? AVhat 
city on the Appomattox ? AATiat large city on the James 
River ? Suppose you sail in a steamer from Richmond 
to the Atlantic, what tw'O seaports would you pass ? 
What bay w'ould you cross ? 

Betw'een w'hat capes w ould you sail ? In w'hat State 
are these capes ? In w'hat directions w'ould you sail in 
going from Richmond to New York ? 

Cross the Alleghanies from Virginia; what State do 
you enter ? What river forms the northw'estern boun¬ 
dary of West Virginia ? The southwestern ? On what 
river is Wheeling ? AVhere is Charleston ? Parkersburg ? 

Review by placing on the blackboard a table for the 
Middle Atlantic States similar to the one suggested for 
tlie New' England States, on page 38. 
















LONG ISLA ND and vicinity of NEW YORK 


77 Xonjfitude West from Greenwicli 74 


1 Twice the Scale of the large Map f 


kWesfl^oInt 


'ew Haven 


OTTAWA 


'aterson 




lOgUensburg 


^le««arka^A 


Klizabet'*' 


Kingston 


^ADIROND 
Wat^town M 

y t/ 


'Slaho 


>ng Brancli 


.Oswego 


Oneida 


Lockport 
J^e (hnal 


fuse 


J^tayara 1 
ivivef 


iqhenectady^ 
C'* ALBAN ^ 


lunkirk 


iA-^KlC^,ti 

U/flT'^rNS'^' 


iKlinira 


£lvan?^ 


<s> ] 

Bradford' 


Kingstoxu 
^ V 

} -^ ^ \ 

} UeVEburgs 


1 leadville 


Cleveland 


@ Scranton 


Wllllarnsport*'* 

, g -r-- ,HUn. 


■WestlPolnt 


|5yJ~<5wiIkytbaiTe' j, 

j* r S. 

S-r.^JZf h 




loop SQUARE MILES 


1 :Altoona/j' 


ittsburgK' 


Reading 


WHEELING, 




Parkersburi 


3HINGTON1 

Alexandria;; 


:Cape Henlopen 


VJippaTi, 


V'Charleston ^ 


'i'rederitlcsliurg' 

’4'^J^l{arlottesville^''x^^ 


IMONC 


li^cliburg. 




Pete rsburg 


'Cape Chatlea 
w.^Cape Henry 
Norfolk 


Port-snioutll' 
Tk Dismal 


JDairvlUe 




MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 


Largest City in each State underlined. 

SCALE OF MILES 


Longitude 


from "Washington 


l.ongltude 


£ast 


MCOB WELLS DEL. 


RUSSELL a SXRUTHERS.ENa'S.N.r.. 





































































































44 


THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES: MINERALS, MANUFACTURES. 


For Recitation. 

What mountain ranges cross the Middle Atlantic States ? 

The Alleghany Mountains and the Blue Ridge 
cross the Middle Atlantic 
States. 

Wliat mountains are in New York ? 

The Adirondack and Cats- 
kill mountains are in New 
York. 

M'liat are the most important rivers of 
tliis section ? 

The most important rivers 
of this section are the 
Hudson, the Delaware, 
the Potomac and the 
J ames. 

What are the principal farm products of the Middle Atlan¬ 
tic States ? 

'Fhe principal farm products of the Middle 
Atlantic States are hay, potatoes and oats, 
wheat, huckwheat and corn. 

I'^or what crop is Virginia noted ? 

Virginia is noted for tobacco. 

For what products are New Jersey, Delaware and Mary¬ 
land famed ? 

New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland are- 
famed for peaches and strawberries. 

Which States are noted for grazing products ? 

New York and Pennsylvania are noted for ■ 
grazing products ; that is, cattle and sheep, j 
butter and cheese. 


LESSON XXXIII. 

1. Minerals. —The mountainous parts of these 
States abound in coal and iron. Pennsylvania 
and AVest Virginia are great coal and iron States. 

In some of the Pennsylvania coal-mines the passage-ways 
from which coal has been taken are miles in length. 

From the salt wells of Syracuse, in New York, 
we get a great deal of the salt used on our tables. 

2. Iron. —As we travel through the mountains 
of Pennsylvania, we often see great tall chimneys 
rising up among the tree-tops. 


At night these are like giant light-houses, with a flame 
many feet in length coming out of them. 

* They are smelting-furnaces. In them iron ore is melted. 
The iron is then run off into little channels made in sand. 

Here it cools in bars about two feet 
long, and is what we call “pig-iron.” 
The “pigs” are melted again, and the 
iron is at last rolled into rails for rail¬ 
roads, cut up into nails, or made into 
other useful things. 

3. Petroleum, or rock-oil, from 
which kerosene is made, is ob¬ 
tained in Pennsylvania and AVest 
A^irginia. 

Here we see wells from which pe¬ 
troleum is pumped up instead of water. 
Sometimes when an oil well is first 
opened, the oil spouts up in a column 
twenty-five or thirty feet high. 

More petroleum comes from Pennsylvania than from any 
other part of the world. 

4. Manufactures. —Many of the cities of the 
Middle Atlantic States are largely engaged in 
manufacturing. 



Oil Wells. 


In their founderies and machine shops, railroad 
engines and machinery of all kinds are made. Cot¬ 
ton, silk and woollen goods are also manufac¬ 
tured. 

5. Manufacturing Cities.— New York, Philadel¬ 
phia and Baltimore take the lead in manufactur¬ 
ing. 

PiTTSBUKGH is Celebrated for its iron and glass 
works. Rochestek, near the Falls of the Genesee, 















THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES: COMMERCE, COMMERCIAL CITIES. 


45 


manufactures large quantities of flour. Troy is 
noted for the making of stoves and railroad cars, 
Newark manufactures rubber and leather 
goods; Jersey City, glassware and a great va¬ 
riety of other articles. 

Paterson is noted for its silk manufacture. 
Wilmington is famed for its manufacture of gun¬ 
powder, cars and iron steam-ships. 



has large iron-w^orks, tobacco factories and flour¬ 
ing mills. Much of the flour made here is sent 
to South America. 


Wheeling, on the Ohio, contains large iron 

and glass works. 

For Recitation. 

What are the chief mineral products of the Middle Atlantic 
States ? 

Coal, iron, petroleum and salt are the chief 
mineral products of the Middle Atlantic 
States. 

From which of these States do we get most of our coal, iron 
and petroleum ? 

We get most of our coal, iron and petroleum 
from Pennsylvania. 

What are the leading manufacturing cities of the Middle 
Atlantic States ? 

The leading manufacturing cities of the Mid¬ 
dle Atlantic States are New York, Phila¬ 
delphia and Baltimore. 

Mention other important manufacturing cities in this sec¬ 
tion. 

Other important manufacturing cities in this 
section are Pittsburgh, Rochester, Troy, 
Newark, Wilmington, Richmond and 
Wheeling. 

[Let the pupil tell in what State each of these cities is found.] 


LESSON XXXIV. 

1, Commerce.—More commerce, both domestic 
and foreign, is carried on in the Middle Atlantic 
States than in any other portion of the country. 

The railways and canals arc constantly carrying 
wheat, cotton, petroleum and other produce into 
the cities of New York, Philadeliihia and Balti¬ 
more. Here these things are placed in ships and 
steamers and sent to other parts of the world. 

2. New York is the largest city in the “New 
World. ” It contains more than a million people. 
It has more manufactures and more commerce 
than any other city in the Union. In the har¬ 
bor we may see ships from every jiart of the globe. 

Lying in great piles on the wharves are boxes of tea 
and fire-crackers from Asia; coffee from South America; 
sugar and pineapples from the West Indies ; raisins, cur¬ 
rants and figs from the Mediterranean. 

What has made New York such a great commercial city? 
First, it has a grand harbor, deep and wide. Second, it is 
at the mouth of the Hudson River, and this river and the 
Erie Canal connect it with the great farming region of the 
country. Third, numerous railways also bring into it im¬ 
mense quantities of wheat and other produce. 

3. Philadelphia ranks next to New York in 
commerce and manufactures. It is uiion the 

i Delaware River, and has easy access to the ocean 
through the Delaware Bay. 

4. Baltimore, on the Chesapeake Bay, is the 

‘ largest city of Maryland. Its manufactures are 
important, and it carries on a large domestic and 
foreign commerce. 

The oysters of the Chesapeake Bay are sent from Balti¬ 
more to distant parts of our own country, and even to Eu¬ 
rope. 

5. Other Cities.— Brooklyn is noted for the 
business called the transshipment of grain. 

Wheat is brought here in canal barges and railroad cars. 
It is then placed in storehouses. When it is to be sent 
abroad it is put into ships that can cross the ocean. 

Buffalo, on Lake Erie, is a very busy place. 
It has a large trade in wheat and cattle. 

Norfolk, in Virginia, has one of the best har¬ 
bors in the United States. It is a shipping port 
for cotton, oysters and vegetables. 













46 


THE SOUTHERN STATES: SETTLEMENT. 


For Recitation. 

In what do the Middle Atlantic States excel all other parts 
of the country ? 

The Middle Atlantic States have more com¬ 
merce than any other part of the country. 

Wliy has New York become our greatest commercial city ? 

New York has become our greatest commercial 
city because (1) it has a fine harbor; (2) it has an 
easy water-route all the way into the great farming 
region of the country; and (3) many railways enter it. 
What is said of Philadelphia ? 

Philadelphia is the second 
manufacturing city of the 
country. It is one of our most 
important commercial cities. 

For what is Baltimore noted ? 

Baltimore is 
noted for man¬ 
ufactures and 
commerce. 

Name other im¬ 
portant com¬ 
mercial cities. 

Other im¬ 
portant com¬ 
mercial cities 
are Brooklyn, 

Buffalo and 
Norfolk. 



French Huguenots, persecuted in France, fled to 
South Carolina, and founded Port Royal in 1670. 

Georgia was colonized by English settlers, wlio 
founded Savannah in 1733. 

Florida w'as settled by Spaniards, and purchased 
from Spain by the United States. Saint Augus¬ 
tine, in Florida, is the oldest town in the United 
States. It was founded in 1565. 

Louisiana was so called from the French king, 
Louis XIV. With Arkansas and a large tract 
lying to the north and northwest, it was bought 
by the United States from France. 

Texas was 
once a part of 
Mexico. We 
are reminded 
of this by the 
number of 
Spanish 
names in the 
State — San 
Antonio, Rio 
Grande, etc. 
San means 
saint; Rio, 
Grande, great. After a hard fight 
gained its independence, and in 
1845 became one of the United States. 

For Recitation. 

Name the Southern States, with their capitals. 


THE SOUTHERN STATES 

LESSON XXXV. 

1. Southern States.—Leaving the Middle Atlan¬ 
tic States, and journeying south, we enter the 
Southern States. 

This section consists of North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, 
Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas [ar'-kan-mu') 
and Texas, together with the Indian Territory. 

Texas is the largest State in the Union. It is 
about six times the size of the State of New York. 


States. 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Florida, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Texas. 

Arkansas. 

Tennessee, 


Capitals. 

Raleigh (raw'-le). 

Columbia. 

Atlanta. 

Tallahassee. 

Montgomery. 

Columbus. 

Baton Rouge {lat'-on roozh). 
Austin. 

Little Rock. 

Nashville. 


Who first settled North Carolina ? 


North Carolina was first settled, but not per¬ 
manently, by Sir Walter Raleigh. 


2. Early Settlements.—The earliest settlement 
in North Carolina was that made in 1585, by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, in honor of whom the capital of 
the State was named. 


Who settled South Carolina ? 

French Huguenots settled South Carolina. 
Who colonized Georgia ? 

Georgia was colonized by English settlers. 











THE SOUTHERN STATES: SURFACE, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS. 


47 


Who settled Florida ? 

Spaniards settled Florida. 

Which of the Southern States was settled by the French ? 
Louisiana was settled by the 
French. 

To what country did Texas once belong ? 

Texas was formerly a part of 
Mexico. 


LESSON XXXVI. 

1. Surface. —The land of the 
Southern States is mostly level. 

Along the coast it is low. In some 
2 )arts of Louisiana it is even below 
the surface of the Mississippi. The 
country would be constantly flooded 
but for the great banks called levees 
built on both sides of the river. 

The Cumberland Mountains, the Blue Eidge 
and the Alleghanies extend into this section. 

Mount Mitchell, in North Carolina, is the highest peak 
east of the Mississippi. 

2. Swamps. —If we« should travel along the 
shores of the Southern States, we should often 
And ourselves in the midst of swampy lands, where 
the vegetation is most luxuriant and beautiful. 

The mosses hang in long festoons from the branches of 
the trees. The magnolia, the sweet-scented jessamine and 
other gay-colored flowers fill the air with fragrance. 

3. Climate. —The Southern States have a warm 
climate. In those which lie south of Tennessee, 
the winters are scarcely colder than early autumn in 
the Middle Atlantic States. In Florida the orange 
tree blossoms all the year round. Florida means 
floivery. 

4. Agriculture. —The chief employment of the 
people is agriculture. The land is divided up 
into large plantations ; and often a planter has to 
go several miles before reaching the house of a 
neighbor. 

Corn, wheat, tobacco and many other crops 
are raised. But the Southern States are specially 
noted for their cotton, sugar and rice. 

5. Cotton is the most valuable of all the pro¬ 



ductions. It grows on a plant. The seeds are 
inclosed in pods called ‘‘bolls.” Each seed is 
wrapped in the soft downy substance which we call 
cotton. As the seeds ripen, the 
bolls become dry and burst open, 
and the fields are white with snowy 
cotton. 

The cotton is now picked. (See 
illustration on the opposite page.) 

The seeds are separated from it 
by a machine called the cotton-gin, 
and it is then packed in great bales 
and sent to market. 

The Southern States supply the 
factories of the world with most of 
the cotton they use. Texas pro¬ 
duces more than any other State. 

6. Rice is raised chiefly in South 
Carolina, Georgia and Louisiana. 

It grows in the lowlands. The rice 
grain is very hard, and when first sown it needs to lie 
under water. So the 
rice-grower floods his 
fields. Afterwards the 
water is drained off and 
the ground kept dry. 

Rice when growing 
looks something Like 
wheat. 

7. Sugar-Cane.— 

Travelling in some 
of the Gulf States, 
especially in Louis¬ 
iana, we should see 
great fields covered 
with what we might 
sujipose to be giant 
corn plants. These 
fields are sugar plan¬ 
tations ; the plant 
is the sugar-cane. 

At the proper season it is cut 
down, carried to a mill, and 
crushed between iron rollers. 

The sweet juice is thus squeezed 
out. It is boiled a long time, 
until at last the solid sugar 
forms. Almost all the cane- 

sugar made in the United States comes from Louisiana. 











der on the Gulf ? These last are often called the ‘ ‘ Oulf States. ” 
Which State is farthest east ? Farthest west ? Which two 
extend farthest south, and have therefore the warmest cli¬ 
mate ? Which Southern State is the largest ? The smallest ? 

Bound North Carolina. What three capes on the coast ? 
The coast near Gape Hatteras is very dangerous. 

What two sounds are nearly enclosed by the coast ? 
Albemarle Sound is famed for its herring fisheries. 

What mountains cross the State ? Mount Mitchell is the 
highest peaJc east of the Mississipjji. Find it on the map. 
What large city just north of Cape Fear ? 

Bound South Carolina. What is the chief seaport ? 
Name the ])rincipal rivers. If you cross the Savannah River 
from South Carolina, what State do you enter ? 


Bound Georgia. Which is the mountainous part of the 
State ? In what part of the State is Atlanta ? What is the' 
chief seaport ? On what river ? 

What State south of Georgia ? Bound Florida. For,I 
what fruit is it famed ? In what direction do most of the' 
rivers of this and the other Gulf States flow ? 

What State lies west of Georgia ? Bound Alabama,! 
What two rivers unite, and flow into Mobile Bay ? 

What city on this bay ? What river crosses the northern' 
part of Alabama ? On w'hat river is Montgomery ? 

What State west of Alabama ? What rivers form its 
western boundaries ? Where is Vicksburg ? *; 

Bound Louisiana. What two rivers separate Louisiana' 
from Mississippi ? In sailing up the Mississijjjii, what large 




































































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fcity would you reach about 100 miles from the mouth of 
rthe river ? Wliere is Shreveport ? 

Crossing the Sabine River from Louisiana, what State 
.'do you enter ? Bound Texas. What river separates it 
• from Mexico ? What is the chief seaport ? 

Name the two longest rivers wholly within Texas. On 
l)i .which one is the capital ? 

What Territory north of Texas ? What river separates it 
ifrom Texas ? What State east of the Indian Territory ? 

Bound Arkansas. What river forms its eastern boun¬ 
dary ? What large river crosses the State ? 

By what river do the cotton-planters of Tennessee send 
jjitlieir cotton to New Orleans? Bound Tennessee. What 
mountains in the eastern part of the State ? 


Name the two principal rivers of Tennessee. What large 
cotton-port in the southwest corner of the State ? 

Review. —Let the Southern States be review'ed in the 
same manner as the New England States, see page 38. 

Map Drawing.— The State of Tennessee will be found 
an easy one to draw. Let the pupils copy it on their slates, 
and show the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee 
River. Let them write in the proper places the names of 
the nine different States that bound Tennessee. 


































































60 


THE SOUTTIEliN STATES: OCCUPATIONS, CITIES. 


For Recitation. 

Describe the surface of the Soiithern States. 

The Southern States are generally level. 
There are mountains in the northern parts. 

What kind of climate have the Southern States ? 

In the Southern States snow rarely falls, and 
in some parts flowers bloom all the year. 

What is the chief occupation in the Southern States ? 

Agriculture is the chief occupation in the 
Southern States. 

For what products are the Southern States specially noted ? 

The Southern States are specially noted for 
cotton, sugar and rice. 

What is the most valuable crop of these States ? 

Cotton is the most valuable crop of these 
States. 

Where does the South send its cotton ? 

The South sends cotton to almost all the 
cotton-factories in the world. 

[Ask questions on the culture of cotton, sugar and rice.] 


LESSON XXXVII. 


The largest supplies are gathered in North Car¬ 
olina and Georgia. Wilmington, in North Car¬ 
olina, is noted for its export of these products. 

2. Stock-raising is an important occupation in 
Texas. On its grassy prairies immense herds of 
cattle and sheep find pasturage all the year; and 
the Avinters are so mild that they need no housing. 

The cattle are sent to the markets of the East¬ 
ern States, and are even shipped to Europe. The 
great stock farms are called randies. 

3. Oranges.—Florida is too hot to grow apples, 
and so, instead of apple orchards, we see, in many 
parts of the State, groves of orange trees fragrant 
Avith snow-Avhite blossoms, and loaded Avith golden 
fruit. 

The raising of oranges and other fruits is one 
of the imjAortant industries of this State. 

4. Manufactures are receiAung more and more at¬ 
tention in the Southern States, especially in Geor¬ 
gia. Many cotton-factories have been established. 

Atlanta, Columbus, Augusta, Houston and 
Bikmingham are busy manufacturing places. 



Savannah, Charleston, Mobile 
and Galveston, on the sea-coast, and 
Memphis and Vicksburg, on the Mis¬ 
sissippi, are also largely engaged in 
shipjiing cotton. 


1. Pine Forests.—Immense pine forests are 
found all along the seaboard, from the Mississippi 

to the Dismal 
Swamp in Virgin¬ 
ia. They extend 
many miles in¬ 
land. Great 
quantities of tar, 
pitch, turpentine 
and rosin are ob¬ 
tained from them. 


For Recitation. 

What is obtained from the pine forests of the 
South? 


5. Minerals.—The gold of North Carolina and 
Georgia, the beautiful marble of Tennessee, the 
iron and coal of Alabama, and the zinc of Arkan¬ 
sas are the most important minerals of the South. 


6. NeAV Orleans, on the Mississippi, is the 
greatest cotton port, and one of the greatest sugar 
markets in the world. It is the largest and bus¬ 
iest city in the South. 

During the cotton season hundreds of negroes may be 
seen unloading the steamboats and placing the bales of cot¬ 
ton in huge piles on the levees, ready to be sent to the cot¬ 
ton-factories of our own land or to foreign 
countries. 


These are used in building ships, and are sent to 1 Turpentine, tar, pitch and rosin are obtained 
all the ship-building countries of the Avorld. \ from the pine forests of the South. 






THE CENTRAL STATES: SETTLEMENT. 


51 


What part of the South is famed for stock-raising ? 

Texas is famed for its immense herds of cat¬ 
tle and sheep. 

For what is Florida celebrated ? 

Florida is celebrated for its oranges. 

Which of the Southern States is noted for manufactures ? 

Georgia is the most noted of the Southern 
States for manufactures. 

What does the South chiefly manu¬ 
facture ? 

The South chiefly manu¬ 
factures cotton goods. 

What are the great cotton ports ? 

New Orleans is the great¬ 
est cotton port in the 
world. Other cotton 
ports are Savannah, 

Charleston, Mobile, 

Galveston, Memphis 
and Vicksburg. 


THE CENTRAL STATES. 

LESSON XXXVIII. 

1. Central States.—To the north of the South¬ 
ern States lie those which are called the Central 
States. If we look at the map of the United 
States, we shall see that they are in the very cen¬ 
tre of the country. 

Michigan is often called the ‘^Lake State.” 

This section includes Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, 
Illinois {il-li-noi'), Michigan, Wisconsin, Minne¬ 
sota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska, with 
the Territory of Dakota. 

2. Settlement.—About 100 years ago only one 
or two of the many hundred towns now in the 
Central States had been founded. The prairie 
was covered with long waving grass that no one 
cut, and beautiful flowers that no one gathered. 

The prairies were the grazing fields of millions 
of buffaloes and wild deer, and were the hunting 
ground of the Indian. 

As the Atlantic States became more thickly 
settled, people crossed the Alleghany Mountains 
in search of better and cheaper lands for farming. 


Often whole families packed in a wagon everything that 
they had, and travelled on and on through the pathless 
forests, and over the grass-covered prairies, sleeping in the 
wagon at night and continuing their journey the next 
morning, until they reached a spot which seemed *a suitable 
one for their new home. Other settlers joined them, and 
more and more were added, until the little settlement 
grew into a town, and in a very few years some of the 
towns, like Chicago, St. Louis and Cincinnati, became large 
and prosperous cities. 


Name the Central States, with their capitals. 


States. 

Capitals. 

Ohio, 

Columbus. 

Kentucky, 

Frankfort. 

Indiana, 

Indianapolis. 

Illinois, 

Springfield. 

Michigan, 

Lansing. 

Wisconsin, 

Madison. 

Minnesota, 

St. Paul. 

Iowa, 

Des Moines {day-moin'). 

Missouri, 

Jefferson City. 

Kansas, 

Topeka. 

Nebraska, 

Lincoln. 

Dakota (Ter.), 

Yankton. 


What was the condition of these States one hundred years 
ago ? 

One hundred years ago this region was occu¬ 
pied by roving Indians. Only one or two 
of its towns had been founded. 

What is the condition of these States to-day ? 

These States are dotted all over with busy 
towns and cities. 


* These elevators are high buildings into which grain is carried up by machinery out of boats and cars. 


For Recitation. 

Why are the Central States so 
called ? 

The Central States are 
so called because they are 
in the centre of the country. 



In the Corn Country. 

































pi °i s ijido^i ‘'?ry■ 


■PnkotO' 




M 

^isso'^J 


RUSSELL (S, STRUTMER8iENG'S,N.Yt 















































































I 


THE CENTRAL STATES: MAP STUDIES —SURFACE . 


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54 


THE CENTRAL STATES: PRODUCTS, OCCUPATIONS. 


Beautiful shapes of limestone, that glisten like diamonds 
when the torchlight of the visitor rests upon them, hang 
down from the roof. It is like a little fairy world. 

In the cave are three rivers and a fresh-water lake, the 
home of fish that have no eyes. 

3. Agricultural Products.— The prairie lands 
are the great agricultural region of the United 
States. Enormous crops of wheat, corn, oats and 
tobacco are raised. 

Hemp is grown very largely in Kentucky and Missouri. 
The fibres of this plant are made into rope. 

Sorghum {sor'-guin) or Chinese sugar-cane, from which 
large quantities of molasses and some sugar are made, is 
becoming an important crop. 

The grapes and wines of Ohio and Missouri are cele¬ 
brated. 

4. Wheat. —The northern part of this section is 
the greatest wheat-growing region in the world. 
It supplies almost the whole of the United States 
with wheat, and besides this, sends large quanti¬ 
ties to the countries of Europe. 

5. Corn is raised in even greater quantity than 
wheat. The region in which it is the great 
crop is sometimes called the coni-helt. It is i 

the southern portion of the Cen¬ 
tral States. Here fields of corn 
may be seen miles and miles in 
length. 

6. Tobacco is one of the im- 
Kentucky raises 
more than any 
other State in 
the Union. 

When Sir Walter 
Raleigh came over 
to the New World, 
he saw the Indians 
smoking tobacco, 
and learned this 
habit from the sav¬ 
ages. He intro- 
duced tobacco into 
England. 

7. Stock - rais- 

Cattle, sheep and 
hogs are raised in immense numbers. 

The cattle of Kansas and Illinois are con¬ 
stantly sent by railway to the markets of the East. 


Ohio clips the wool from hundreds of thousands 
of sheep. 

8. Pork-packing. —Millions of hogs are killed 
in the Central States every year. They are cut up 
and salted. The hams, bacon and pork are 
packed in barrels to be sent to various parts of the 
country, or to be exported. 

Lard and candles are made from the fat. The bristles 
are used in making brushes. 

Chicago {ahe-kaiv'-go) and Cincinnati {sin-sm- 
ah'-ti) are noted for the business of pork-packing. 

9. The Minerals of the Central States are very 
valuable. On the shores of Lake Superior are 
the richest copper mines in the world. 

Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, in Missouri, 
are mountains of iron ore. Illinois, Iowa and 
Missouri abound in lead. 

The largest coal-beds in the world are in Illi¬ 
nois and other States of this section. Michigan 
produces great quantities of salt. 

Por Recitation. 

Describe the surface of the Central States. 

The Central States are generally level. Few 
mountains are found. 

What is the most important occupation of the Central 
States ? 

Agriculture is tlie most important occupation 
of the Central States. 

What are the great crops of the Central States ? 

The great crops of the Central States are 
wheat, corn, oats, tobacco and hemp. 

What animals are largely raised in the Central States ? 
Cattle, sheep and hogs are raised by millions 
in the Central States. 

What are the chief mineral products ? 

Copper, iron, lead, coal and salt are the 
chief mineral products of the Central 
States. 

LESSON XL. 

1. The Manufactures of the Central States are 
important. Large saw-mills are busily employed 
in the great forests of Minnesota, Wisconsin and 



Hemp and Tobacco. 


ing is an important industry. 











THE CENTRAL STATES: COMMERCE, GREAT LAKES, CITIES. 


55 


Michigan. Those of 
Minneapolis, at the 
Falls of St. Anthony, 
are the largest. 

The flour-mills grind 
immense quantities of 
wheat. St. Louis i^ro- 
duces more flour than 
any other city in the 
country. Minneapolis 
also is famous for its flouring mills. 

Other important manufactures are those of 
farming tools, macliinery and furniture. 

2. Commerce. — The commerce of the Central 
States consists chiefly in sending away the great 
products, especially wheat, corn and pork, and 
bringing in manufactured and imported articles. 

The Mississippi, or one of its great tributaries, 
can be used by every one of the'^ Central States, 
except Michigan, to float jn-oduce to market. 

Kailways also connect all the important cities 
and towns, and ena))le the farmers and stock- 
raisers to send produce all over tlie country. 

3. The Great Lakes have thousands of steam¬ 
boats and other vessels plying upon them, and 
carrying cargoes from i)lace to place. These lakes 
are all connected by rivers and canals. A vessel, 
therefore, loaded at Chicago may sail into the St. 
Lawrence, and so into the Atlantic, and thus go 
directly from the heart of the United States over 
to Europe. 

We may wonder how these vessels manage to avoid the 
Falls of Niagara. A ship-canal has been constructed round 
the Falls from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. 

4. Chicago is the largest city west of the Alle- 
ghanies. About fifty years ago it was only a 
small village. It now contains more than half a 
million people. It has an immense trade in grain, 
pork, lumber and cattle. 

A great many railway trains and steamboats are con¬ 
stantly carrying goods to Chicago, or taking them away to 
other places. 

5. St. Louis is the largest city on tlie Mississippi. 
It is connected with all the Central States by 
navigable rivers and by numerous railroads. 
Steamers and freight trains are constantly bring¬ 



ing into it the prod¬ 
uce of an immense 
and very fertile re¬ 
gion ; and it is constantly shipping this produce 
to other parts of the country. St. Louis is there¬ 
fore what we call a great ‘‘centre of trade.” 

6. Cincinnati is the largest city on the Ohio, 
and one of the most beautiful cities in the Union. 
It is noted for its extensive trade, pork-packing 
and manufactures. A handsome suspension 
bridge crosses the Ohio at this point. 

Louisville is a busy and beautiful city on the 
Oliio. It is the greatest tobacco market in the 
country. 

7. Lake-Ports.—Other lake-ports besides Chi¬ 
cago are important. 

Cleveland and Detroit, in addition to com¬ 
merce, are largely engaged in manufacturing. 

Milwaukee, the largest city of Wisconsin, is 
a great grain market. 

8. Other Cities are busily engaged in trade, and 
are rapidly growing in population, because they 
are in the midst of very fertile regions. The most 
important are Indianapolis, Columbus, Kan¬ 
sas City, St. Paul, Davenport and Omaha. 

For Recitation. 

What are the principal articles manufactured in the Cen¬ 
tral States ? 

The Central States manufacture chiefly flour, 
lumber, farming tools and machinery. 

Describe the commerce of the Central States. 

The commerce of the Central States consists 
largely in sending away gi-ain and pork, and 
bringing in manufactured goods. 



























56 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


How are the products of these States sent to other parts of 
the country ? 


2. Early History.—About thirty years ago In¬ 
dians and Spaniards were the only inhabitants of 


The products of these States are sent to other 
parts of the country by means of 

(1) The Mississippi and its tributaries ; 

(2) The Great Lakes and the canals; 

(3) Numerous railways. 

What is said of Chicago ? 

Chicago is the largest city west of the Alle¬ 
ghany Mountains. It has an immense 
trade in grain, lumber, cattle and pork. 

What is said of St. Louis ? 


this section of our country. 

It is easy to tell where the Spaniards were. On the map 
we find the names San Francisco, Santa Fe (fay), and many 
others beginning with San or Santa, which is the Spanish 
for Saint. Sierra Nevada, too, is a Spanish name. Nevada 
means s7iowy, Sierra means range. Where these Spanish 
names are found, the settlers were Spaniards. 

In California, the Spanish settlers were very prosperous. 
They were stock-raisers and fruit-growers. They had im¬ 
mense flocks of sheep, and the vineyards and orange-groves 
planted by them are still productive. 



St. Louis is the largest city on the Missis¬ 
sippi. It is a great commercial and manu¬ 
facturing centre. 

What great cities are on the Ohio ? 

Cincinnati, noted for its manufactures and 
its pork trade, and Louisville, noted for its 
tobacco trade, are on the Ohio. 

Name the great lake-ports. 

Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit and Milwaukee 
are the great lake-ports. 

Name other important cities. 

Other important cities are Indianapolis, Co¬ 
lumbus, Kansas City, Davenport, St. Paul 
and Omaha. 

[Let the pupil tell in what State each of these cities is found.] 


In 1848, gold was discovered in California, and 
people flocked there from all parts of the IJnited 
States. Some time after this, silver was found in 
Nevada, and within a few years wonderful mines 
of gold, silver and lead have been discovered in 
various parts of the Rocky Mountains. 

On this account thousands of people are settling 
in the States and Territories of this section. 

3. Indians.—Most of the Indians still remain¬ 
ing in the United States 
are found in the Rocky 
Mountain and Paciflc re¬ 
gion. They hunt the buf- 


THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


LESSON XLI. 

1. West of the Central States are the Rocky 
Mountain and Paciflc States and Territories. 
These are so called because the 
Rocky Mountains cross them from 
north to south, and because the 
Paciflc Ocean borders them on the 
west. 

They are Colorado {col-o-rali’- 
do), New Mexico, Wy-o'-ming, 

Monta'na (mon-tali'-nali), Arizo'- 
na, Utah, Idaho, Nevada (ne-vali'- 
da), California, Oregon and Wash¬ 
ington. 


Canon of the Yellowstonf.. 




















SURFACE AND SCENERY. 


57 


falo and the deer, as their fathers did, and fre¬ 
quently fight the pioneer settlers. 

The dried meat of the buffalo is called pemmican. This 
is the chief article of food among the red men. 

4. Animals.—Many people from the Eastern 
States, and even from Europe, go every year to this 
part of our country to hunt. They kill grizzly and 
black bears, buflialoes, deer, antelopes and other 
animals. The buffaloes still roam in great herds. 


For Recitation. 


IJ’ame the Rocky Mountain and Pacific States and Terri¬ 
tories, with their capitals. 


States. 

Colorado, 

California, 

Nevada, 

Oregon, 


Capitals. 
Denver. 
Sacramento. 
Carson City. 
Salem. 


Territories. 
New Mexico, 
Wyoming, 
Montana, 
Arizona, 
Utah, 

Idaho, 

Washington, 
Who were the 


Capitals. 

Santa Pe. 

Cheyenne (shi-en'). 
Helena. 

Prescott. 

Salt Lake City. 

Boise City (boy-zay'). 
Olympia. 


first settlers in this section? 


The first settlers in this section were Spaniards. 

What has led to the rapid settlement of this part of the 
country ? 

The discovery of gold, silver and other met¬ 
als has led thousands of peojfie to go to 
this part of the country. 

What population besides the white settlers is there in this 
section ? 


Most of the Indians in the United States are 
found in this section. 


LESSON XLII. 

1. Surface.—This section is the highest and 
most mountainous portion of our country. In it 
are found the Rocky Mountains, with many peaks 
nearly three miles high; the Great Plateau, the 
Sierra Nevada, and the Cascade Range. 

Some of the towns among the mountains are 
more than two miles above the sea. 

Turn to the map and trace the mountains, and tell 
where the Great Plateau fies. 


2. The Great Salt Lake lies at the bottom of a deep 
basin or depression in the Great Plateau. Its water is so 
salt that one cannot sink in it. It floats a man as brine 
floats an egg. The length of the lake is seventy-five miles. 
Steamers sail upon it. 

3. The National Park is in Wyoming. It is a 
piece of ground set apart by Congress to belong 
forever to the nation. Find it on the map. 

It is famed for its geysers (ghi'-sers), eauons 
and water-falls. The geysers are springs which 
spout up hot water. The Great Geyser sends up 
a column 250 feet high. 

The park contains also the canons of the Yel¬ 
lowstone River. What are canons ? (See picture 
on the opposite page.) 

4. The Scenery of this section is very grand. In 
California are the wonderful Yosemite {yo-sem'-i- 
te) Falls. The water 
makes three leaps. The 
first of these is nearly 
a third of a mile, and the 
whole distance throuffh 

o 

which the water descends 
is about half a mile. 

The Yosemite Val¬ 
ley, through which the 
river runs after leaping 
the falls, is one of the 
grandest scenes in the 
world. It is shut in by 
walls of rock nearly half 
a mile high. 

The ^‘Big Trees,” 
the largest in the world, 
are also in California. 

Some of them are more 
than 300 feet high, twice 
as high as a very tall 
church steeple, and more 
than 100 feet round. 

Inside of one of these, if it were hollowed out, there would 
be room enough for a school of a hundred children. 

For Recitation. 

Which are the most mountainous parts of our country ? 

The Rocky Mountain and Pacific States and 
Territories are the most mountainous parts 
of our country. 














.^8 


rocky mountain and 


PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


Name the principal mountain ranges of this section. 

The Eocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada 
and Cascade Range are the principal moun¬ 
tain ranges of this section. 

For what is the National Park noted ? 

The National Park is noted for its geysers; 
canons and waterfalls. 

What natural curiosities in California ? 

The Yosemite Falls, the Yosemite Valley and 
the “Big Trees” are the great natural 
curiosities of California. 


MAP STUDIES. 

What country borders this section on the north ? On 
the south ? What ocean w'est of it ? What States and 
Territories on the east ? 

What States and Territory on the Pacific ? What 
States and Territories are crossed by the Rocky iMoun- 
tains ? 

Bound California. What river forms part of the 
eastern boundary ? What tw'o mountain ranges in this 
State ? Wliat point on the coast ? 

What cape ? (Pronounced men-clo-see'-no.) Name the 
largest city. Where is it ? 

On wdiat river is the capital ? Where is Oakland ? 
Stockton ? Los Angeles ? 

What State on the Pacific, north of California? 
Bound Oregon. What river forms part of its eastern 
boundary ? 

What river fonns part of its northern boundary ? The 
Columlia River is famed for its fisheries. On what river 
is the capital ? Name the largest city. Where is it ? 


What Territory north of Oregon ? What river crosses 
Washington and forms part of the southern boundary ? 

What sound penetrates Washington ? What volcano 
in ^Vashington ?—Ans. Mt. St. Helens. It has not thi own 
out lava since 1843. 

Where is the capital ? What and where is the largest 
town? What island northwest of Washington ? Of 
what is it a part ?—Ans. Dominion of Canada. 

What Territory lies east of Washington and Oregon ? 
Bound Idaho. What State lies east of California ? 

Bound Nevada. Name the largest city. In what 
j)art of the State is it ? For what is it famed ?—Ans. 
Virginia City is famed for its silver mines. Name the 
two largest lakes. Name the largest river. 


Bound Utah. Name the capital. Mention the largest 
lake. What mountains in Utah ? 

What Territory south of Utah ? Bound Arizona. For 
what is the Colorado River noted ?—Ans. The Colorado 
is noted for its canons. Some are more than a mile deep. 

What river crosses the southern part of Arizona ? 
Ans. The Gila (hee'-la). What is the largest town ? 


What Territory east of Arizona ? Bound New Mex¬ 
ico. What river crosses New Mexico ? Name the 
largest city. Santa Fe is more than a mile above the level 
of the sea. 

What State north of New Mexico ? Bound Colorado. 
What four great rivers rise in Colorado ? 

Where is Pike’s Peak ? Pile's Peal is nearly three 
miles high, and is crowned with perpetual snow. A govern¬ 
ment weather station is on the top. The view is one of the 
grandest in the country. 

Where is Leadville ? Leadville is noted fo7' its mines of 
lead and silver. It is moi-e than two miles above the sea, 
and is the most elevated town in the United States. 

What Territory north of Colorado ? Bound Wyoming. 
In what part of Wyoming is Cheyenne ? What great 
park in Wyoming ? 

Bound Montana. What mountains form part of the 
western boundary ? 

What two large rivers run eastward through Mon¬ 
tana ? Where is Virginia City ? 

Find Fort Benton. Froin it you can travel on a steam¬ 
boat down the Missouri and Mississippi to the Gulf of 
Mexico. Nowhere else in the world could you male so long 
a river voyage. 


LESSON XLIII. 

1. Climate.—The Sierra Nevada and Cascade 
Range divide this section into two portions which 
have very different climates. To the eastward 
very little rain falls, and the climate is very dry. 

To the westward there is more moisture. Along 
the Pacific coast there is a wet season and a dry 
season. For six months (from November to May) 
there is abundance of rain ; for six months again 
(from May to November) there is hardly any. 

2. Irrigation.—In many parts of this section no 
crops can be raised unless the fields are watered. 
The farmers, therefore, dig ditches to conduct 

1 water from the rivers to thoir farms, so that they 













PACIFIC AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. ^ 


SCALE or MILES 


.^^tminster « 

Mt.^Jcer f 


''lath^ad 

ka0 


rJ Fort^ 
Benton 


f-sy'^'Ra/nier 

Jnt-St.Helens 

(couver 


Diamond City 


‘Storia) 


WZotf 


■ginia 


dwoom 


Baker 

City 


GtHORNI 


iVaaffllUf 


s Idalo City 




South/(Passi®X. 

fccitr 


Walade City® 


•■•»%*. > 4 . 

\ I 

BaWijns 1 


\ Bai amie ■ 

^ T —^ 

-t- 


®iEogan 

k: ^uint'aH M"' 


■eaf Salt 
Lake L 


Gjieeley M> \ ^ 

i_— 

r* gui ttk r ^ _ ^ 

iffarCHy il^ 

> DENVER. \ 

,.^e^J^^doSpnn«:a , ^ 




t^y^o 

1'^^jraL‘iia c,j^ 

ciTy/ 


ustin 


©Eurekj 


(sS 10 C Jc f 0 


^PueUlo 


pacijc^ 


J^'lois'* 

PARK 


Sioche® i 

i I 


iToquerviJle 


larroix 




Cano 


CailvUJe 


\/Mohave City 


dbuquerque 


ceptiorf' 


SANTA BARBARA 


, Silver o 

City ‘Vy 

Jlesilli 


•i’ioreuci 


Yuma 


Largest City in each State underlined 


Tucsorr 


yX I’aso 


Gulf of 
California 


Longitude West 35 from Washington 


'.WELLS, BEL. 


RUSSELL a 6TRUTHERS,ENG'S' N.Y. 






































































60 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND P 


ACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


can flood the fields. Some of these ditches are 
miles in length. Watering land in this way is 
called irrigation. 

3. Products.—The country bordering the Pa¬ 
cific is a rich agricultural region. The crops are 
magnificent. The finest wheat, barley and oats 
are raised. 

In California fruits and vegetables grow to a 
wonderful size. Oranges, lemons, grapes and 
pears are produced in 
the greatest abundance. 

This State is famed for 
its wines. 

4. Stock-raising is a 

leading occupation in 
many parts of this sec¬ 
tion. 

Colorado and Wyo¬ 
ming are particularly 
noted for their cattle. 

California is a great 
sheep-raising region. 

Its wool and blankets 
are famous. 

5. Mining is another 
leading industry. The 
mines are chiefly among 
the mountains. The 
‘‘precious metals” 

(gold and silver) and 
quicksilver are ob¬ 
tained in great abundance. Indeed, this is one of 
the most remarkable mining regions in the world. 

Quicksilver is a curious metal which runs like water. 
It is what we see in the bulb of a thermometer. There are 
only a few places where it is found. The mine of New 
Almaden, in California, is one of the richest known. 

6. Lumbering and salmon-fishing are valuable 
industries, especially in Oregon and Washington. 

Immense quantities of timber and canned 
salmon are shipped to all parts of the world. 

7. The Commerce is important. Machinery and 
other supplies for miners, and articles for home 
use are brought from the manufacturing States ; 
and gold and silver, wool and fish are sent awa^^ 
to other parts of the country. 



San Francisco imports silks, tea and other 
articles; while wheat, lumber and the precious 
metals are exported in large quantities. 

8. Cities.— San Francisco is the largest city 
on the Pacific coast. It carries on nearly all the 
foreign commerce of this section. We enter its 
harbor by a passage, remarkable for its beauty, 
and called the ‘‘ Golden Gate.” 

Sacramento, the capital, is noted for its mag¬ 
nificent capitol. 

Portland is the 
largest city in Oregon, 
and the chief shipping 
port for the wheat and 
lumber of this State. 

Denver is the great 
business city of the 
mining region of Col¬ 
orado. 

For Recitation. 

What can you say of the 
climate of this section ? 

East of the Sierra Nevada Range there is 
hardly any rain in this section ; west of it 
there is more moisture. The Pacific shore 
has a wet season and a dry season. 

What are the chief agricultural products of this sec¬ 
tion ? 

Wheat, grapes and other fruits are the chief 
agricultural products of this section. 

What parts of this section are noted for stock-raising ? 

California is noted for sheep-raising ; Colo¬ 
rado and Wyoming for cattle-raising. 

What are the great mineral products of this region ? 

The great mineral products of this region 
are gold, silver, quicksilver and lead. 

In what part of this section arc lumbering and salmon- 
fishing important ? 

In Oregon and Washington lumbering and 
salmon-fishing are important. 

What are the chief articles exported from this section ? 
Wheat, lumber and the precious metals are 
the chief articles exported from this sec¬ 
tion. 


















REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 


61 




'1 ; 




REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 


In what continent is the United States? In which hemi¬ 
sphere ? What country lies north of it ? What country south ? 
Why called the United States ? How long is this country from 
east to west ? 

Groups of States. — Where is each ? Of what States is each 
composed f What is the capital of each State 9 

-Tji;;'i 

" (1) New England. (2) Middle Atlantic. (3) South- 

, , ERN. (4) Central. (5) Rocky Mountain and Pa- 

’■Jfl T 

^ CIFIC, 

Islands. — JVear what part of the coast ? 
till 

. Long Island. Nantucket. Florida Keys. 

ici 

If you were on any one of these islands, upon what water 
would you look ? 

^ Capes — On what part of the coast 9 

i Cod. Hatteras. Henry. Lookout. Fear. Sable. 
Mendocino. Montauk Point. 

Mountains. — Where are they, and in what direction do 
they extend 9 

White, 

Green, 

Adirondacks. 

Pike’s Peak, 
Fremont’s Peak. 

Coast Range. 

Mount Whitney, Mount Hood. 

What grows upon the sides of the Appalachian Mountains ? 
What minerals are found among these mountains ? 

Bays, Sounds and Gulf. — Where is it 9 Is it of commer¬ 
cial importance 9 Why 9 

Penobscot. Massachusetts. Narragansett. Dela¬ 
ware. Chesapeake. Long Island Sound. Albe¬ 
marle. Pamlico. Puget. Gulf of Mexico. 

Rivers. — Where does it rise 9 In what direction and into 
what does it flow 9 Through {or between) what States does 
it flo w 9 Can you name a city upon its hanks 9 What is 
produced in the country through which it flows 9 

( Missouri, Tennessee, 

Mississippi : -! Ohio, Arkansas, 

t Red, 

Platte. Yellowstone. Hudson. James. Savannah. 
Brazos. Colorado. Kansas. Columbia. Yukon. 
Merrimac. Penobscot. Connecticut. 






r Alleghany, 
Appalachian:"^ Blue Ridge, 

I Cumberland, 

Rnok-v • / Bitter Root, 
ItOCKY . River, 

Sierra Nevada. Cascade. 


Cities.— Where is it 9 On what water 9 For what noted 9 


Seaports: 


New York, Baltimore,* 

Philadelphia,* New Orleans,* 
Brooklyn, San Francisco, 

Boston, Charleston, 


Savannah,* 

Portland, 

Norfolk, 

Galveston. 


( Chicago, 
Lake-Ports : | Buffalo, 

1, Cleveland, 

rSt. Louis, 

Inland:! Cincinnati, 

I Washington, 


Milwaukee, 

Detroit. 


Pittsburgh, 

Louisville. 


MISCELLANEOUS REVIEW. 

Of how many States did our country first consist ? Where 
were they ? How many States are there now ? Name the 
groups. What different kinds of people would you find in 
different parts of our country ? 

What is the capital of our country ? What is the title 
of the highest officer in the United States ? Of the highest 
officer in a State ? Of the highest officer of a city ? 

In what direction must we travel from New York to enter 
Canada ? What State would you enter if you travelled di¬ 
rectly south from your home ? What city near the mouth 
of the Missouri River ? 

Suppose you should take a trip up the Mississippi from 
New Orleans to St. Paul, what principal crops would you 
see by the way ? 

Where do you find the highest mountains in our country ? 
If you should make a journey from Boston to San Francisco, 
would you see more level land on the way or more moun¬ 
tains ? Would you notice very great changes of climate ? 

How many and what seasons are there in the year in your 
State ? In what State is the year divided into a rainy and a 
dry season ? 

Where would you find the largest river in our country ? 
The largest fresh-water lakes ? A salt lake ? Where would 
you find the highest water-fall ? Where the grandest ? 

In what State or States would you see sugar-cane grow¬ 
ing ? Cotton ? Rice ? Oranges ? Where would you see tho 
largest wheat and com fields ? The largest tobacco fields ? 

Where and at what time of the year would you find the 
farmers making maple sugar ? What State produces the 
most coal and iron ? What State produces nearly all our 
petroleum ? For what is petroleum used ? 

What part of our country yields the most gold and silver? 
Where are the richest copper-mines ? In what States are 
the people most largely occupied in manufactures ? In 
commerce ? Fishing ? Stock-raising ? Lumbering ? 

What articles sold in a grocery store are produced in the 
United States ? Which of them might be raised by New 
England farmers ? By southern ? By western ? 

Do you know of any natural curiosities in your own State? 
If so, where are they ? What is remarkable about them ? 
From what States are precious metals obtained? Which do 
you think the more important, the mineral or the vegetable 
productions of our country ? Why ? 

In what part of the United States do the Indians now 
live ? If a boy should lose his boat upon the Alleghany River, 
on what waters might it float to the Atlantic Ocean ? 


These are practically seaports. 


















62 


THE DOMINION OF CANADA: SURFACE, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS. 


THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 

LESSON XLIV. 

1. Crossing the northern boundary of the 
United States, let us make a visit to the cold 
countries of North America. 

2. The Dominion of Canada is our nearest 
neighbor on the north. It is almost as large as 
the United States. It extends from the Great 
Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, and from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific. 

Canada is not only near us, hut quite like us. 
Just as the United States is made up of States, so 
Canada is made up of what are called Provinces 
and Territories. 

The Provinces are Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns¬ 
wick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Man¬ 
itoba and British Columbia. 

The Dominion of Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador, 
taken together, are sometimes called British America. 

3. How Governed.—Laws are made for all the 
Provinces by the Canadian Parliament, which is 
like our Congress. It meets at Ottawa, the 
capital of Canada. 

The chief officer of the Government is not a 
President elected by the people, but a Governor 
sent out by the sovereign of England. 

The people of Canada do not choose their own Governor, 
because Canada belongs to England. 

4. Early Settlers.—Canada was first settled by 
the French. More than one hundred years ago 
England and France fought with one another for 
the possession of the country. England was 
victorious. 

The descendants of the old French settlers still 
speak the language of their forefathers. Many of 
them, too, wear queer-looking dresses and wooden 
shoes, like those still worn in some parts of France.* 

5. Surface.—Along the Pacific coast Canada is 
mountainous. The Eocky Mountains extend 
through it from north to south. 

* Note. —In Longfellow’s poeni “ Evangeline,” many in¬ 
teresting allusions to the old French settlers and their cus¬ 
toms will be found. 


Most of Canada, however, is level. South of the 
Sas-katch'-a-wan Eiver are prairies like our own. 

These prairies and the valley of the St. Law¬ 
rence are the most fertile parts of Canada. They 
yield abundant crops of wheat and oats. 

6. Climate.—The summers are short and warm. 
The winters are very long and very cold. Snow 
several feet deep lies on the ground for months 
together, and sleigh-bells are heard for half the 
year. 

As we approach the Arctic region the summers grow 
shorter and shorter until the year is nearly all winter. If we 
should travel northward from Lake Winnipeg, we should 
pass at first through immense forests. Then we should 
notice that the trees were more and more stunted, until at 
length even the fir-tree, which is a lover of cold and 
snow, would disappear. 

We should be in the midst of a treeless waste, where the 
ground is seldom free from ice and snow. 

Of course we should see no houses on our dreary journey. 
Who would like to live in such a region ? 

7. Minerals. — British Columbia, like Cali¬ 
fornia, produces gold. Ontario has rich mines of 
cojiper and iron. Nova Scotia has large and 
valuable coal-mines. 

8. Lumbering.—The forests of Canada are its 
greatest source of wealth, and lumbering is one 
of the most important occupations. 

Great rafts are floated down the St. Lawrence, 
as upon our own Mississipjii. They are brought 
to Quebec, where they may be seen along the 
river hank for a distance of six miles. 

9. Fur-bearing Animals.—Foxes, wolves, sables, 
minks, martens and other fur-bearing animals 
are found in abundance in the forests. Indeed 
this is one of the great fur-gathering regions of 
the world. 

Hundreds of men, chiefiy Indians, are employed in trap¬ 
ping the animals. They travel miles and miles through 
the forests in dog-sledges, or sail up and down rivers and 
lakes in canoes of birch bark, to visit their traps, and skin 
the animals caught. (See picture on page 64.) 

The skins are sold to the Hudson Bay Company. This 
company has more than one hundred trading posts, called 
“forts,” where the trappers bring the skins, and sell them 
to the traders. Find York Port on the map. This fort 
receives all the skins collected at the other forts, and every 
year, in the month of August, when the ice in Hudson 










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64 


the dominion of CANADA.-NEWFOUNDLAND 


Bay is melted, ships come from England to bring provi¬ 
sions for the traders, and to take away the skins. 

10. Cities.— Montreal is the chief commercial 
city of Canada. Its great export is wheat. 

Quebec is like a quaint old European town. It 


What are the leading productions of Canada ? 

Wheat, oats, lumber, furs and coal are the 
leading productions of Canada. 

What is the capital of Canada ? 

Ottawa is the capital of Canada. 



What can you say of Montreal ? 

Montreal is the chief commercial city of 
Canada. 

What of Quebec ? 

Quebec is one of the greatest 
timber markets of North Amer¬ 
ica. It is the only walled city 
on the continent. 

Name other important cities of Can¬ 
ada. 

Other important cities of Can¬ 
ada are Toronto, Halifax and 
St. John. 


is the only city on this 
continent with walls and 
gates. It has an exten¬ 
sive commerce, and is one of the great timber 
markets of North America. 

The great battle which gave Canada to England was 
fought in 1759 before the walls of Quebec. General Wolfe 
commanded the English troops; the Marquis of Montcalm 
the French. Both commanders lost their lives. A single 
monument has been erected to their memory. 

Toronto has important manufactures, and is 
noted for its schools. Halifax, the capital of 
Nova Scotia, and St. John, in New Brunswick, 
have fine harbors. Their chief exports are lum¬ 
ber, fish and potatoes. 


LESSON XLV. 

1. Newfoundland.—Five years 
after Columbus discovered the New World, the 
English sent John Cabot on a voyage of discov¬ 
ery, to try and find a short passage to Eastern 
Asia. He sailed westward and discovered what 
he called a “new-found-land,’'’ a name which the 
island still retains. 

Newfoundland has a very cold climate. 

Off the coast the densest fogs prevail. They are often so 
thick that the sailors cannot see from one end of their ves¬ 
sel to the other. Here, too, are seen those grand and beau¬ 
tiful, but chilly visitors, the gigantic icebergs, that float 
down from the shores of Greenland. 


For Recitation. 

What Pro-sdnces does the Dominion of Canada contain? 

The Dominion of Canada contains the Prov¬ 
inces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, 
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Mani¬ 
toba and British Columbia. 

Who first settled Canada ? 

The French first settled Canada. 

What kind of climate has Canada? 

The winters of Canada are very long and 
very cold; the summers are short and hot. 


The fisheries of Newfoundland are the great¬ 
est in the world. 

In the spring and summer codfish come here 
in immense numbers, and thousands of fishermen 
come to catch them. 

The Newfoundland dog, so celebrated for sav¬ 
ing people from drowning, is a native of this isl¬ 
and. 

Labrador belongs to Newfoundland. Very 
few people live there ; the climate is too severe. 
The coast is visited by fishermen and seal-hunters. 














GREENLAND, I C E L A N I). — A I. A S K A — E S Q U I M A U X, 


65 


2. Greenland is a vast ice-eovercd island. The 
first discoverer called it “ Wliite Shirt,” which is 
a far better name than Grreenland, for there is 
scarcely any¬ 
thing green up¬ 
on it. 

Snow falls ev¬ 
ery month in 
the year except 
July. 

The few in¬ 
habitants are oc¬ 
cupied in hunt¬ 
ing seals, catch¬ 
ing whales and 
gathering eider¬ 
down. 

The whale is furnished with a coat of fat several inches 
thick, which keeps him warm as he swims through the icy 
waters. This fat. or blubber, is melted down into oil. 
From the roof of the whale’s mouth we get what is called 
whalebone, though it is not really bone. It is the whale’s 
trap with which he catches thousands of little animals on 
which he feeds. 

Eider-down is one of the most valuable products that 
we get from these icy regions. It is taken from the nest of 
the eider-duck. The mother-bird plucks the down or soft 
feathers from her breast, and lines her nest with them to 
keep the ducklings warm. During the season the down is 
gathered every few days, and the poor duck plucks a fresh 
supply from her breast. 

Upernavik is nearer the north pole than any 
other town in the world. Find it on map, p. 29. 

3. Iceland is an island not far from Greenland. 
Both of them belong to Denmark, and are called 
Danish America. 

Iceland is famed for its volcanoes and geysers, 
or boiling springs. The Great Geyser sends up a 
stream of water 100 feet high. Mount Hec'-la is 
the most noted volcano. 

The climate is far milder than that of Green¬ 
land. The people fish, raise sheep, and gather 
eider-down and Iceland moss. They exjDort wool, 
salted fish, Iceland moss and eider-down. 

4. Alaska belongs to the United States, and is 
the coldest part of our country. Its seal-fisheries 
are the most valuable in the world. Most of the 


seal-skin sac(pies that are worn by ladies come 
from Alaska. 

The Yukon Kiver crosses this Territory. It is 
navigable for more than 1,500 miles. Sitka is the 
largest settlement. 

5. Esquimaux.—In Alaska and Greenland, and 
all along the Arctic shores, are the curious little 
people called Escpiimaux [es'-Tce-mo). 

They live in huts which are partly underground, and are 
built of stone and earth. Sometimes they make them of 
blocks of snow, with sheets of ice for windows. They burn 
the oil of the seal or whale to give heat and light in their 
cheerless huts. 

The Esquimaux do nothing but hunt and fish. They 
travel in sledges drawn by four or eight dogs. The runners 
of the sledges are made of drift-wood, or of the bones of the 
whale. Tlieir canoes ai’e waterproof, and the paddler may be 
overturned in the water without getting wet. In catching 
whales they use a line with a harpoon at one end and an 
inflated seal-skin at the other. Pulling this skin through 
the water tires out the wounded whale. When the whale 
is dead, the skin floats on the water, and shows the Es¬ 
quimaux where he is. 

An Esquimau clothes himself in the skins of seals, bears 
or other animals, and lives on their flesh, which he some¬ 
times eats raw. Two Esquimaux will eat a whole seal for 
their dinner. 

For Recitation. 

For what is Newfoundland famed? 

Newfoundland is famed for its cod-fisheries. 
They are the greatest in tlie world. 

What can you tell me about Greenland ? 

Greenland is never green. It is covered with 
ice and snow. The people catch seals and 
whales, and gather eider-down. 

What have you learned of Iceland? 

Iceland is noted for its geysers and volcanoes. 
It is warmer than Greenland. Sheep are 
raised and wool is exported. 

For what is Alaska famed ? 

Alaska is famed for its seal-fisheries. They 
are the most valuable in the world. 

What can you say about the Esquimaux ? 

The Esquimaux are found in Greenland and 
Alaska, and in the very cold parts of Can¬ 
ada. They live in snow huts, dress all over 
in furs, and eat the raw flesh of seals, bears 
and other animals. 



Killing Fur-bearing Seals. 










66 




MEXICO: CLIMATE, PRODUCTS, OOYERXMENT. 


MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 

LESSON XLVI. 

1. Mexico.—Leaving the snow lints of the Es¬ 
quimaux, and casting off all our furs, we visit now 
the warm countries of our continent. 

First of all let us glance at our nearest neighbor 
on the south, Mexico. Here it is seldom cold 
enough for ice to he formed, except high up among 
the mountains. 

2. Surface and Climate. 

—Along the coast is a 
strip of loAvland. Most of 
the country, however, is 
a great plateau, or elevat¬ 
ed plain, about a mile 
high. 

The lowland is the Hot 
llEGiON. The plateau is 
the Temperate Region. 

The climate of the pla¬ 
teau is delightful. No 
fires are needed to keep 
one’s house warm, and 
roses and violets bloom, 
and green peas are in sea¬ 
son all the year round. 

In this part of the country most of the people live. 

3. The Agricultural Products of the plateau are 
very dift'erent from those of the loAvlaud. 

On the Plateau there are the same produc¬ 
tions as in our own country, only that in Mexico 
as fast as one crop is ripe and gathered, another is 
planted. Three or four crops of corn are harvest¬ 
ed in the year. The cotton-plant with us dies as 
soon as frost touches it. In Mexico it goes on 
producing for years. 

In the Loavlands the sugar-cane, the orange, 
the banana, the pineapple and the vanilla bean 
groAV luxuriantly. Here, too, is found the cacao 
{ka-Tca'-o) plant, from the beans of which cocoa 
and chocolate are made. 

4. The Pulqu6 {pooV-kaij) Plant, or Mexican 
aloe, is a iiatiA'e of Mexico. The sap of this plant 
is collected and alloAved to ferment. It is then 



like cider, and forms the national beverage, Avhich 
is called pulque. 

The leaves of the pulque plant are six or eight feet long. 
They are used for boards and shingles. The sharp thorns 
at the ends of the leaves are used for nails, needles and 
pins. The fibre is twisted into rope and string. 

5. The Cochineal cactus is cultivated in large 
plantations. Upon its thorny leaves countless 
numbers of the cochineal insect feed. They are 
brushed off the cactus into a bag, or upon a cloth 
spread on the ground. They are 
then killed Avith hot Avater and 
dried in the sun. When ground 
into poAvder they make a beautiful 
scarlet dye. 

Cochineal is one of the most valu¬ 
able things exported from Mexico. 

6. The Mineral wealth of Mexico 
is very great. Its mines of gold, 
silver and other metals are among 
the richest in the Avorld. 
In the Gulf of California 
pearls are found. 

7, The Government of 
Mexico is republican, like 
our own. The country 
consists of a number of 
different States, united 
under one President. 


COCW/ViTAl CACTUS 


8. Early History.—When 
Europeans first came to the ‘‘ NeAV World,” Mex¬ 
ico Avas an empire. Its ruler Avas Mon-te-zu -ma. 
His people AA^ere called Aztecs. 

In 1519, a Spaniard called Cortez invaded Mexico with 
600 Spanish troops. The Mexicans fought bravely, but 
Cortez conquered them. He cruelly put Montezuma to 
death. Mexico remained a Spanish possession until 1821, 
when it became independent. 

9. Cities.— Mexico, the capital, is a beautiful 
city. It is surrounded by majestic mountains, tAvo 
of Avhich are ahvays snow-clad. The climate is 
delightful. The houses are built Avithout chim¬ 
neys, and the gardens are fragrant Avith floAvers all 
the year round. 

Vera Cruz {vay'-rah-krooz) is the principal 
I seaport. It is a very unhealthy city. 












67 


% 

MAP S T U D I E S. — C E N T R A L AMERICA. 


Map Studies. —What river between Mexico and the 
tJnited States ? From what one of the United States does 
this river separate Mexico ? 

What ocean bounds Mexico on the west and south ? 
Where are the Sierra Madre Mountains ? 

Where also in North America are mountains called 
Sierras ? This reminds you that Mexico, like California, 
was settled hy Spaniards. Where is Yucatan ? 


Name the capital of each of these States. 

Which is the most northern country of Central America? 
The most southern ? Where is Lake Nicaragua ? How 
is it connected with the Caribbean Sea ?—Ans. By the San 
Juan River (san h wan ). Where is the volcano of Coseguina 
(ko-say-yhee'-nah) ? 


10. Central America lies between Mexico and 
South America. It contains five rejniblics, and a 
British colony called Balize. 

The country is mountainous, and its climate is 
like that of Mexico. 

IMany of the mountains are volcanoes. Coseguina is one 
of the most remarkable. In 18:15 it tlirew out such a 



Where is Lower California ? What other California is 
there ? Name some of the volcanoes of Mexico.—Ans. 
Po-po-cat-e-petl, Jorullo (ho-rool'-yo). 

What is the capital of Mexico ? Mexico is farther south 
than Havana. Mexico therefore should he hotter than Ha¬ 
vana. But it is not. Mexico is high up among the moun¬ 
tains, and for this reason is never very hot. Where is Vera 
Cruz ? 

What sea northeast of Central America ? What ocean 
on the south ? In what zone is Central America ? (See 
map, page 29.) 

Pronounce and spell the following names : 

Balize (Jba-leez'), San Sal-va-dor', 

Guatemala {gwah-te-mah'-la), Nicaragua (nik-ar-ah'-gwah), 
Honduras (hun-doo-ras), Costa Rica {kos-tah ree'-kah). 


shower of ashes that the air was darkened, even at places 
fifty miles distant. Friends could not recognize one an¬ 
other, and chickens went to roost. 

The most important products are coffee, cocoa, 
sugar, indigo and vanilla. 

Indigo is a blue dye. It is obtained by soaking 
in water the stems and leaves of a ^jlaut that looks 
like clover. 


































































68 


THE WEST INDIES.—REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICA. 


The forests of the lowlands yield mahogany, 
whicli is much used in making furniture. 

11. The West Indies.— All the West India Isl¬ 
ands, except Hayti, belong to various European 
governments. Cuba and Porto Rico {^por -to too - 
Ico) are Spanish possessions. Jamaica belongs to 
England. Hayti alone is independent. It is 
made up of two negro republics. 



These islands are noted for their sugar, coffee, 
tobacco and tropical fruits. Tliey send to us 
ship-loads of bananas, pineapples and oranges. 

Havana exports more sugar than any other 
city in the world. 

For Recitation. 

Describe the climate of Mexico. 

The climate in tlie lowland of Mexico is hot 
and unhealthy ; on the plateau it is mild 
and delightful. 

Where are most of the cities ? 

Most of the cities are on the plateau. 

Name the chief products. 

The chief products of Mexico are corn, coffee, 
sugar, tobacco, indigo and cochineal. 

For what is Mexico famed ? 

Mexico is famed for its mines of silver and 
gold. 


What can you say of the city of Mexico ? 

Mexico is perhaps the most beautiful city in 
the world. 

What are the chief exports of Central America and the 
West Indies ? 

The chief exports are coffee from Central 
America, sugar and fruits from the West 
Indies. 


REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICA. 

[The review for United States is on p. 61.] 

Countries.— In what part of the continent is it ? Name 
the capital. 

Dominion OF Canada. Newfoundland. United States. 
Mexico. Central America (each State). 

Islands— Wear what part of the coast 9 To what country 
does it belong 9 

Greenland. Iceland. Newfoundland. Cuba. Hayti. 
Vancouver. Queen Charlotte. 

Capes.—On what part of the coast 9 

Farewell. Race. San Lucas. Sable. Point Barrow. 

Mountains.— TV/iere are they, and in what direction do 
they ei'tend 9 

Rocky. Sierra Madre. 

Bays, Gulfs and Sea. —Where is it 9 Is it of commercial 
importance 9 

Baffin Bay. Hudson. Honduras. Gulf of Mexico. 
Gulf of California. Caribbean Sea. 

Straits. —Connects what waters 9 Separates what lands 9 
Davis. Hudson. Behring. 

Rivers.— WTiere does it rise 9 Into what does it flow 9 
St. Lawrence. Mackenzie. Yukon. Columbia. Sas- 
KATCHAWAN. NeLSON. RiO GrANDE. 

-L&kes—Where is it 9 What outlet has it 9 
Great Bear. Great Slave. Winnipeg. Superior. 
Michigan. Huron. Erie. Ontario. 

Cities and Towns.—In what country 9 On or near what 
water 9 

Quebec. Montreal. Sitka. New York. San Fran¬ 
cisco. Mexico. Vera Cruz. Havana. 

If you were sailing on the St. Lawrence River from Montreal 
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, would you he sailing up the river 
or down it? Is the Mackenzie River of commercial impor¬ 
tance? Why? Name some part of the United States that 
was settled hy the French. By the Spanish. By the English. 
Where is the Welland Canal ? Why was it constructed ? 





















SOUTH 


AMERICA. 


LESSON XLVII. 

1. South America.—Leaving Nortli America, we 
come now to South America. The coast-line of 
til is continent is broken only here and there by 
bays or gulfs, and there are only a few good har¬ 
bors. 

South America is crossed by the Equator ; and 
all the northern part of it is in the hot or Torrid 
Zone. Here, except high up among the moun¬ 
tains, it is always summer. The flowers are never 
killed by frost. 

As we go 
south from the 
Equator, the 
climate grows 
cooler, just as 
it does if we go 
north. South 
does not al- 
w ays m e a n 
hot. 

The south¬ 
ern end of 
South Amer¬ 
ica reaches 
down nearly to 
the region 
about the 
South Pole, 

Avhich is as cold and icy as that about the North 
Pole. 

2. Isthmus of Panama.—Notice the narrow 
strip of land that connects North and South 
America. It is called the Isthmus of Panama. 

A canal large enough to float ships will some day be cut 
through it. Our sailors will then avoid the terrific storms 
of Cape Horn. Besides this, they will be able to go from 
the ports on one side of our country to those on the other, 
by a route 10,000 miles shorter than the present one. 

3. Surface.—The surface of South America is 
very much like that of North America. The 
Avestern part is mountainous ; the eastern is mostly 
level, and consists chiefly of great river valleys. 


4. The Andes extend along the Pacific shores 
of South America from one end of the continent 
to the other, just as the Rocky Mountains extend 
through North America. 

The Andes are the longest mountain-range in 
the world. They are 4,500 miles in length. They 
are grander and loftier than the Rocky Mountains. 
Many of their peaks are more than four miles 
high, and are always Avdiite Avith snow. 

The passes or roads over fhe Andes are steep and 
Travellers are usually carried across on 
the backs of 
mules, or sitting 
on chairs which 
are strapped to 
the backs of In¬ 
dians. The llama 
and mule are 
generally used 
for carrying 
goods. 

Among file 
mountains are 
ravines or gorges 
hundreds of feet 
deep. Some of 
these are crossed 

by suspension bi-idges made of rope. 

Two railways have been built across the Andes. 

5. Volcanoes.—More than fifty peaks among 
the Andes are volcanoes. 

If you stand in the iniblic square of the city 
of Quito {hoe'-to) you can see eleven snoAv-capped 
j volcanoes all at once. One of these, Chimborazo 
I {chim-ho-rah'-zo), is so lofty that the author of 
this book has seen it by moonlight at a distance 
of ninety miles. 

Coto})axi {ko-to-pax'-e), a near neighbor of 
j Chimborazo, is the grandest of all the volcanoes. 
It has such terrific eruptions that they are said to 
have been heard at a distance of 600 miles. It 
shoots into the air a column of flame half a mile 
high. 

6. Earthquakes occur very frequently in the 
! countries Avhich are crossed by the Andes. 

During an earthquake the ground tivmbles or shakes. 


dangerous. 



Llama Tuain Ckossing the Andes. 














70 


SOUTH AMERICA: RIVERS, SELVAS, LLANOS. 


the houses rock to and fro, and often fall. The sea some¬ 
times rushes in upon the land, and the people have to run 
for their lives to the hill-tops. Cities and towns are often 
nearly destroyed, and many lives are lost. 

7. Rivers.—The great rivers of South America 
are the Amazon, the Orinoco and the La Plata. 

These rivers and their tributaries are all on the 
east side of the Andes, and flow into the Atlantic. 

The Amazon reminds us of our own Mississippi, 
only, instead of flowing from north to south, it 
flows from west to east. 

It carries more water to the sea than any other 
river. In some places it is so wide that a vessel 
sailing on it may be out of sight of land. Steam¬ 
boats ascend it for 1,500 miles, almost across the 
continent. 

The Orinoco overflows its banks every summer. 
Its waters teem with alligators, and are the 
home of the curious fish which is called the elec¬ 
tric eel. The shock given by one of these eels is 
so severe that horses, when fording the pools, are 
sometimes knocked down by it. 

On the Rio de la Plata (lah plah'-tah) and 
its tributaries steamboats sail more than 1,200 
miles into the heart of the continent. 

8. Rainless Region.—If we look at the map of 
South America, we notice that hardly a single 
river can be seen along the west coast. Mhy 
should this be —plenty of water and great rivers 
on the east side of the Andes, little or none on 
the west side ? Let us see. 

In South America the winds come mostly from the 
Atlantic. They carry the clouds Westward over the land. 
The mountain-tops cool the clouds and turn them into 
rain and snow. But this is done almost wholly on the 
eastern side of the Andes. 

When the winds reach the western side they have lost 
their moisture ; the clouds have become rain. Thus it is 
that on the eastern side of the Andes we find plenty of 
rain, and large rivers ; on the west side only a few small 
rivers, and in some parts not a drop of rain all the year 
round. 

For Recitation. 

In what zone is most of South America ? 

Most of South America is in the Torrid Zone. 
What connects North and South America ? 

The Isthmus of Panama connects North and 
South America. 


What have you learned of the surface of South America ? 

The western part of South America is moun¬ 
tainous. The eastern part is chiefly level, 
and contains the great river valleys. 

Name the great mountain-range of South America. 

The Andes are the great mountain-range of 
South America. They are the longest 
range in the world. Many of the peaks 
are volcanoes. 

How do people cross the Andes ? 

People usually cross the Andes on the backs 
of Indians or of mules. 

What are the great rivers of South America ? 

The great rivers of South America are the 
Amazon, the Orinoco and the La Plata. 
The Amazon is the largest river in the 
world. 


LESSON XLVIII 

1. Plains.—The valleys or plains of the great 
rivers are called by different names : Selvas, Lla¬ 
nos {lyali -noce) and Pampas. 

2. The Selvas are the forest plains of the Ama¬ 
zon. Selva is a Spanish word that means wood 
or forest. These plains are covered with trees 
and shrubs and climbing vines, all growing so 
thickly together that monkeys can travel hun¬ 
dreds of miles on the tree-tops without once 
coming down to the gi’ound. 

The only way of getting through the Selvas is 
to go by the water in canoes ; and the vegetation 
is so dense, even down to the water’s edge, that 
one may travel a whole day without finding room 
to land. The trees and shrubs “form a dense 
wall of verdure along the banks of the river.” 

A large number of the plants of South America seem to 
live on nothing but air. Hence they are sometimes called 
air-plants. They cling, like moss, to the trunks and 
branches of trees. Many of them have flowers of most 
curious shapes and exquisite colors. One that is pure 
white, is shaped like a dove, another like a swan. 

3. The Llanos, or grassy plains, are the low¬ 
lands of the Orinoco. They are treeless. When 
the river overflows them, they look like a vast sea. 














SOUTH AMERICA: PAMPAS, FORESTS, PRODUCTS. 


71 


After the flood subsides, a luxuriant crop of grass 
and flowers springs up, and vast herds of cattle 
And rich pasturage. 

In the dry season these plains are parched, and 
the cattle wander for pasture to the hills. 

4. The Pampas are the plains of the La Plata. 
They are covered with tall grass in the wet season, 
and in the dry season are parched like a desert. 
Countless herds of wild cattle feed upon these 
plains. They are hunted with the lasso, and im¬ 
mense numbers are slaughtered for their hides. 

5. Forests.—The forests of South America con¬ 
tain some of the most wonderful and useful trees 
and plants in the world. 

The Palm Trees supply the Indian with almost 
everything that he needs. 

The fibres of the leaves, some of which are forty or fifty 
feet long, he twists into ropes, or makes into ham¬ 
mocks and fishing-nets. With the leaves themselves he 
makes a roof and a door for his hut ; from the bark he 
makes his canoe. The Wax Palm supplies him with 
candles. 

The Ixdia-rubber used so much in making 
overshoes, comes chiefly from the Selvas of Brazil. 
It is the sap of the India-rubber tree. The In¬ 
dians tap the trees as we tap maple-sugar and 
pine trees, and collect the sap. This is of a light 
yellow' color, but it is dried over smoky tires, and 
becomes black. It is moulded into cakes and 
other forms, and so exported. 

Quinine, so much used for the cure of fever and ague, 
is made from the bark of a tree called cinchona (sw-^-o'-aa/i), 
which grows on the slopes of the Andes. The Indians 
taught Europeans the use of the bark. When sick with 
fever they used to drink water from pools in which the 
boughs or dead trunks of cinchona trees had been lying. 

6. The Cultivated Products are such as belong 
to the Torrid and Temperate Zones. As in Mex¬ 
ico, so here, we And that different crops are raised 
according as the farms are among the mountains 
or in the lowlands. 

Among the mountains, and in the southern 
part of the continent, wheat and other products 
of the Temperate Zone are cultivated. 

In the lowlands, sugar-cane, corn, cotton, cocoa 
and coffee trees, mandioc, pineapples and ba¬ 
nanas gi’ow in profusion. 


The banana supplies thousands of the people 
w ith their daily bread, and the fibres of its leaves: 
are woven into beautiful cloth. 



Mate {mah'-tay), or Paraguay Tea {pah-rah~ 
gway'), is widely used by the people of South 
America. It is the leaf of a tree which is some¬ 
thing like our holly. 

The Coffee which w'e use comes chiefly from 
Brazil. That country produces more than one 
half of all that is raised in the w'orld. 

Coffee is the seed of a beautiful shrub with dark, glossy 
leaves, white flowers and scarlet fruit. The fruit, when 
ripe, is placed on a floor of stone, on which it is crushed so 
as to separate the seeds from the soft parts. The seeds are 
dried and put into bags, and are then ready to be sent to 
various parts of the world. Two crops of coffee are some¬ 
times produced in a year. 

Man'-di-oc supplies the natives with a coarse 
kind of bread. It is a plant with a large root 
shaped like the beet root. 

The root is grated, then squeezed and dried. It makes 
a coarse meal. When needed for use it is mixed with 
water and baked. 

Tapioca is made from mandioc. When the grated root 
is squeezed, the juice which is pressed out is saved and 
allowed to stand. The fine particles which settle are tapioca. 














72 


SOUTH A M E R IC A. — M A F STUDIES. 


For Kecitation. 

What are the Selvas ? 

The plains of the Amazon are called Selvas. 
They are covered with the densest forests 
in the world. 


What are the Llanos and Pampas ? 

The grassy plains of the Orinoco are called 
Llanos, those of the La Plata are called 
Pampas. Immense herds of cattle feed on 
both. 

Name some of the most useful products tliat come fi-om the 
forests of South America. 

India-rubber, cinchona bark, mahogany and 
other ornamental woods come from the 
forests of South America. 


Name the chief cultivated products of South America. 

Cohee, sugar and cotton, the banana, wheat 
and mandioc, cocoa and mate are the chief 
cultivated products of South America. 


MAP STUDIES. 


Of what countries are the following cities 
the CapitaU? 

Rio .Janeiro (ree-o jan-ec'-rci), Lima {Jee -7nah), 
Oeorgetown, (lahpaz), 

Paramaribo, Santiago (san-te-ah'-go), 

Cayenne (kay-en'), Buenos Ayres {bway'-noce 

Caracas {kah-rah'-kas), rez), 


Bogota', 

Quito, 


Asuncion {a-soon-se-on'), 
Mon-te-vid'-e-o. 


t- 


What bounds South America on the east ? On the 
west ? On the north ? What heavy line crosses the 
map of South America ? Wdiat climate has the north¬ 
ern part of the continent ? In what zone is the south¬ 
ern part ? Wdiat climate has the southern part 

How are North and South America connected ? Wliat 
chain of mountains along the west coast of South Amer¬ 
ica ? In what direction and how far do they extend ? 
On which side of the Andes are all the long rivers ? 

Wdiat countries are crossed by the Andes ? What 
countries border on the Caribbean Sea ? On the Atlan¬ 


tic Ocean ? On the Pacific ? 


What country borders both on the Pacific Ocean and 
the Caribbean Sea ? What two ports on opposite sides 
of the Isthmus of Panama ? Where is Venezuela 


{ven-e-zwee'-lah) ? Wliat river crosses it ? Wdiat lake in 
the northern part ? What island near the mouth of the 
Orinoco ? Wdiat country east of Venezuela ? 

What country south of Colombia ? Bound Ecuador 
{ek-wah-dor'). This is the Spanish xcm'dfor Equator, and 
the country is so named Jjecause the equator ci'osses it. W hat 
city on the equator ? W'hat volcanoes do you find in 
Ecuador ? 

Which is the largest country of South America ? 
W''hich is the only country of South America that does 
not touch Brazil ? 

What part of Brazil is crossed by the Equator ? In 

what zone is most of Brazil ? 

What is the great river of Brazil ? Name its largest 
tributary. What capes on the coast ? Where is tlie 
Diamond District ? 


Bound Peru. Where is Cuzco {koos>k/)) ? WHiat' 
threat river rises in Peru ? Wdiat lake on the border 

O 

between Bolivia and Peru ? 

W^hat country southeast of Peru ? Bound Bolivia. 
AVhere is Potosi ? Sucre {soo'kray) ? What country 
lies wholly w'est of the Andes ? 

Bound Chili (r/oT-/e). Name the chief seaport. AVhat 
high mountain peak in Chili ? What islands "west ot 
Chili ? One of these was the failed home of Bolinson Crusoe. 

What country east of Chili ? What countries border 
the Argentine (ar'-jen-teen) Republic ? 

What is the southern portion of the Argentine Re¬ 
public called ? What cape is the southernmost point ? 

Where is Tierra del Fuego {te-er-rah del f way'-go) ? 
W^hat form of land is it ? W^hat strait separates it 
from Patagonia ? After whom was the strait named ?— 
Ans. The strait was named after Magellan, the first man 
that sailed round the icorld. 


Of what river is the Paraguay a tributary ? Into 
what does the Parana flow ? Ans. The Parana fows 
into the Bio de la Plata. Where is Uruguay ipo'-roo-gway) { 

What three rivers separate Paraguay from the Argen¬ 
tine Republic ? Which are the two smallest countries 
of South A^merica ? 

In what direction would you sail from Valparaiso to 
Panama ? From Rio to the mouth of the Almazon ? 
On what waters would you sail in going from Rio to 
Valparaiso ? Is it necessary to sail round Cape Horn ? 

How might you go all the way by water from Aspin- 
wall to Panama ? By what shorter way could you go ?— 
Ans. By railway across the Isthmus of Panama. Use the 
scale and tell about how many miles would be .saved. 

What is the length of South AAmerica from Cape Gal- 
linas to t'ape Horn 'i 















x: A y 

Maracj 


NIOAO ISLAND 


fafaybo 

’iMke 


Orinoco liiv^ 


Wt'.feS-'OF 
ji^BOGOTA I 


PARIME. 


MOUNTiS' 




■EQUATOR- 


oofTKr 


® *-A N O 


Gxiaya<W 


w-naniTjuco 


Callau; 


^DIAMOND 

JDISTRICT 


f' Cuyalia 


'jTj y Pot usi 


Coliiji'j 


capricorn- 


Cordova Ji?, 
Hosario \v 


Mt.AconcaJ 

Yall'a-raiso; 

SANTIAj 


islands 


fern A 


BUENOS AYRES 


CM1L0E< 

ISLAND 


Gulf of 
St. Georye 


SOITTH AMERICA 


FALKLAND ISLANDS 


■ffrait of 
‘^ayellan 
™ra del 


SlToil ofMayello^ 


Longitude “West 


from Greenwich 


Gulf W ti 


no 


100,000 

SQUARE 

MILES 


23 Longitude 13 


Lonj>-itudi 27 East from 37 “Washington 47 


West 


■ WELLS,del. 


BUSSELL i. ST.RUTNERS, ENO’S, N-T., 






























































74 


SOUTH AMERICA: MINERALS, ANIMALS, OCCUPATIONS. 


LESSON XLIX. 

1. Minerals.—The mines of South America are 
perhaps the richest in the world. 

Brazil is celebrated for its precious stones. In 
that country tliere is a district called Diamantina, 
so named because diamonds are very common there. 

The purest emeralds are found in Colombia. 

Silver is so abundant among the Andes, that 
the Indians often have dishes made of it. The 
silver mines of Peru and Bolivia have been worked 
for hundreds of years, and are still productive. 

The copper mines of Chili are very rich. 

2. Animals.—The forests swarm with animals. 
The tapir, which resembles a monstrous pig, is 
the largest. The puma, the jag'-u-ar, and the 
tiger-cat are the most ferocious. Like the lion, 
they belong to the cat family. 



The Flamingo. 


Armadillos, wild dogs, deer, sloth, ant-eaters 
and opossums abound. The tree-tops are alive 
with gayly-feathered songsters, and noisy with 
screaming parrots and chattering monkeys. 

Through the dense shade you hear the curious notes of 


the campanero {cam-pa-nay'-7-o) or tolling-bell bird, sound¬ 
ing like the strokes of a hammer on an anvil. 

As we paddle our canoe on the waters of the Amazon, we 
often surprise the alligator sunning himself on the banks, 
and perhaps we may see the boa-constrictor, thirty or forty 
feet long, coiled round the body of some unfortunate ani¬ 
mal and crushing it to death. 

The scarlet flamingo, the heron and spoon-bill dart their 
beaks into the water to catch their prey. Ilumming-birds 
dressed in every color of the rainbow flit through the air. 

Ascending the Andes we find other strange 
animals. In the high cold plains near the line of 
perpetual snow is the home of the llama {tali'- 
mall), often called the American camel. The 
natives have tamed it and use it as a beast of 
burden. 

The wool of the llama is used in making a kind of cloth 
called alpaca. The flesh is used as food. 

Among the peaks of the Andes lives the condor, a bird 
of prey larger than an eagle ; the ostrich roams in flocks 
over the hot pampas of the La Plata. 

3. Occupations.—The leading occupations are 
agriculture, cattle-raising and mining. 

Brazil and Chili are the chief agricultural re¬ 
gions. The llanos of Venezuela and the pampas 
of the Argentine Kei)ublic are the great cattle¬ 
raising districts. 

Mining is carried on in Chili, Peru, Bolivia 
and Brazil. 

The commerce of South America is important. 
The exports are coffee, sugar, cotton. India-rubber 
and mahogany from Brazil; copper and wheat 
from Chili; guano and saltpetre from Peru ; hides 
and tallow from Venezuela and the Argentine Re¬ 
public. 

The imports are manufactured articles, par¬ 
ticularly flour. 

For Recitation. 

What are the chief mineral products of South America ? 

The chief mineral products of South America 
are the precious metals and copper, dia¬ 
monds, emeralds and other jewels. 

Name some of the animals found in the lowland forests. 

In the lowland forests are found the tapir 
and the jaguar, the boa-constrictor and 
alligator, monkeys of many kinds, and 
numberless beautiful birds and insects. 






















SOUTH AMERICA: INHABITANTS, EARLY HISTORY, CITIES. 


75 


Name some of the animals found among tlie mountains. 

The llama and the condor are found amonsf 
the mountains. 

What are the chief exports of South America ? 

The chief exports of Soutli America are 
coffee, sugar and India-rubber from Brazil; 
copper and wheat from Chili; hides and 
tallow from Venezuela and the Argentine 
Kepublic ; guano and saltpetre from Peru. 

LESSON L. 

1. The Inhabitants of South America are the 
native Indians and the descendants of S|)anish and 
Portuguese settlers. 

The Indians are usually 
very . degraded ; many of 
them cannot count higher 
than ten. Yet those who 
live among the Andes are 
very ingenious. They make 
bridges of rope to cross the 
deep gorges among the 
mountains. 

On the pampas and 
llanos we find half-wild 
peo])le, whose occupa¬ 
tion is to hunt with the 
lasso the cattle that 
feed on the plains. 

The people of Pata¬ 
gonia are probably the 
tallest in the world. 

They are like the great giants 
of whom we read in fairy tales. 

The language of South America, like 
that of Mexico and Central America, is 
every^vhere Spanish, except in Brazil, 
where it is Portuguese. 

2. Government.—The countries of South 
America are all republics, except Brazil and Gui¬ 
ana {glie-ali -nail). Guiana consists of three col¬ 
onies, belonging to England, France and Holland. 

Brazil is an empire. Its sovereign is the only 
ruler in the New World who wears a crown. It 
is the largest and most powerful eountry of South 
America. 


3. Early History.—In 1500, Ca])ral, a Portu¬ 
guese, discovered Brazil, and so until about fifty 
years ago Brazil belonged to Portugal. 

In 1532, Pizarro, a Spaniard, went Avith a fleet 
to Peru. It was a splendid empire. The inhabi¬ 
tants ate and drank from vessels of silver and 
gold. The kings were called Incas, and the one 
then on the throne was named Atahualpa {cit-a- 
hical'-pali). 

Piziirro and his men took Atahualpa prisoner. The Inca 
promised to fill his prison with gold as high up as he could 
reach, if Pizarro woidd only let him go. Pizarro took the 
gold, but cruelly put Atahualpa to death. Thus Peru 
became a possession of Spain. All the South American 
countries except Brazil were once colonies of Spain. 

4. Cities. — Many of 
the houses in South 
America are built of 
sun-dried brick, paint¬ 
ed with gay colors, such 
as pink or yellow, and 
roofed with scarlet 
tiles. 

In some of the cities 
earthquakes often occui*, 
and the dwellings are built 
only one story high. With 
us every house must have 
one chimney, many have 
more than one. Few houses 
in South America have any. 
Fires are not needed to keep 
one warm. The windows 
have no glass ; there are 
seldom any cold winds to 
be kept out. 

Kio Janeiro, the 
capital of Brazil, is the 
chief commercial city. 
Its bay, dotted with 
islands, is wonderfully 
beautiful, and the mountain scenery around it is 
grand. 

Eio is the greatest coffee market in the world. 

We should be surprised to see how the coffee is carried. 
Some wagons are used, but most of it is carried by negroes. 
Long lines of them may be seen trotting through the 
streets, each with a great sack of coffee on his head. 











76 


REVIEW OF SOUTH A ME RI C A. — E U R 0 P E*. 


Para {pa-rah') is the gi-eat India-nihber port. 
Bahia {bah-ee-ah) is a sugar port. Maracaybo 
{ma-ra-ki'-bo), Buenos Ayres and Montevideo 
are the great cattle ports. 

Santiago, Valparaiso {val-pah-ri-so), and 
Lima are important commercial cities on the 
Pacific coast. 

For Recitation. 

Who are the inhabitants of South America ? 

The inhabitants of South America are In¬ 
dians and the descendants of Spanish and 
Portuguese settlers. 

What forms of government have the countries of South 
America ? 

Brazil is an empire; the other countries of 
South America are republics. 

What have you learned of Rio Janeiro ? 

Rio Janeiro is the largest city of South 
America, and the greatest coffee market 
in the world. 

Name other important cities. 

Other important cities are Valparaiso, Santi¬ 
ago, Lima, Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, 
Bahia and Pernambuco {per-nam-boo'-ko). 


REVIEW OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

Countries. — In what part of the continent is it ? Name 
the capital. 

United States of Colombia. Venezuela. Guiana. 
Ecuador. Peru. Brazil. Bolivia. Chili. Ar¬ 
gentine Republic. Paraguay. Uruguay. 

Islands — Near what part of the coast ? 

Trinidad. Tierra del Puego. Falkland. 

Capes. — On what part of the coast ? 

Gallinas. Horn. St. Roque. Blanco. 

Mountains. — Where are they? In what direction do the 
ranges extend ? 

Andes. Organ. Cotopaxi. Aconcagua. 

Bay, Gulf and Sea. — Where is it f 
Bay of Panama. Gulf of Guayaquil. Caribbean Sea. 
Strait.— Connects what waters ? * Separates what lands ? 
Magellan. 

Rivers — Where does it rise ? Into what does it flow f 
Amazon. Orinoco. Rio de la Plata. Madeira. 
Purus. Tocantins. Parana. Paraguay. 

Lakes — Where is it 9 
Titicaca. Maracaybo. 

Cities — In what country ? On or near what water 9 
Para. Bahia. Maracaybo. Rosario. Sucre. Cal¬ 
lao. Panama. Valparaiso. 


EUROPE. 


LESSON LI. 

1. Europe. —Columbus sailed westward and 
found the New World ; let us sail eastward and 
visit the Old World. Europe shall be our first 
landing-place. It is only a little larger than the 
United States, and so is one of the smallest of the 
continents. 

Still it has a far larger population than any 
other continent except Asia. It is very much 
more thickly settled than the United States, and 
thousands of people come every year from its 
crowded countries to find new homes with us. 


2. Seas, Bays and Gulfs.— The first thing that 
attracts the eye of a sailor as his vessel ajTproaches 
the land, is the coast. That of Europe is remark¬ 
ably well provided with safe harbors. Look at 
the map. See how jagged, or as we say, in¬ 
dented, the coast line is. Everywhere we find 
seas, bays and gulfs. 

It is no wonder that Europe, having so many 
harbors, sends out more ships and has more com¬ 
merce than any other part of the world. 

3. The Surface of Europe may be divided into 
two parts, the one a vast plain in the northeast; 
the other a mountainous region in the southv/est. 











EUROPE: MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS. 


77 


4. Mountains.—The Alps are the most cele¬ 
brated mountains of Europe. Their loftiest 
jieaks are always covered with snow. Many of 
the high valleys are filled with the wonderful 
ice-streams called glaciers (glass'-e-ers). There 
are as many as four hundred. Some of them 
are twenty miles long and three miles broad. 

Below 
the glaci¬ 
ers beauti¬ 
ful valleys 
lie b e- 
tween the 
moun¬ 
tains. 

The fields 
are green 
with grass 
and gay 
w'ith fiow- 
e r s; and 
sheep 
browse up 
to the very 
foot of the 
glaciers. 

Sometimes 

avalanches, or large masses of snow, break loose and 
slide down the mountain side with a terrific crash. Vil¬ 
lages have been buried by them, and people crashed to 
death. 

Roads or passes have been built across the Alps. On 
one of them is the Hospice of St. Bernard. Here, amid 
everlasting winter, live some pious monks. They have 
taught the celebrated dogs of St. Bernard to hunt for per¬ 
sons who have lost their way in the snow. These animals 
are sent out during snow-storms, with baskets of food and 
wine tied round their necks, to relieve travellers who are 
perishing in the bitter cold. 

5. The Rivers of Europe are not so large as 
some of those in North and South America. But 
they are numerous, and many of them are very 
useful. 

The Volga is the longest. It is noted for its 
fisheries. The Danube is the most impor¬ 
tant to commerce. Thousands of vessels ply 
on its waters. The Rhine is the most famous 
for its scenery, its castled crags and vine-clad 
banks. 


6. Climate.—The most northern j^art of Europe 
lies near the north pole, and, like Alaska and 
Greenland, is very cold. But most of Europe is 
in the Temperate Zone, and has a mild climate. 

In the most southerly parts people do not even 
build chimneys to their houses, because it is 
rarely cold enough for fires. The climate is not 
unlike that of Florida. 

There is something very curious that we must 
notice about the climate of Western Europe. It 
is much wanner in winter than that of our own 
continent. The reason of this is, that the warm 
Gulf Stream, which flows 
across the Atlantic to the 
shores of Great ‘ 
Britain and Ire¬ 
land, makes the 
a t mosphere 
of Western 
Euro p e 
warm. Hence 
there the 
winters are 
far mi Ide r 
than ours. 

London is several 
hundred miles far¬ 
ther north than Que¬ 
bec, in Canada. At 
this place there is 
sleighing for half 
the year; in London a sleigh-bell is never heard. 

7. The Productions of Northern Europe are like 
those of the cold countries of North America. 
On the shores of the Arctic Ocean vegetation is 

I scanty, and trees are stunted. 

In the middle portion of the continent we find 
a famous agricultural region, like that of our 
great Mississippi Valley. Wheat and other gi*ains 
are raised in immense quantities. Hemp is 
grown to make rope for Europe’s fieets of ships, 
fiax for the manufacture of linen, and beets for 
the making of sugar. The warm river valleys 
are covered Avith vines, and the best of wine is 
made. 

Southern Europe is one of the greatest fruit- 
gi-owing regions in the world. Grapes, oranges, 
lemons, figs and olives grow in rich profusion, and 
are largely exported. Vast fields are covered with 
mulberry-trees, on the leaves of which the silk¬ 
worm is fed. 



On the left we see the Jungfrau (yooug'-frow), one of the grandest of the snow-covered Alps; 
on the right is Ehrenbreitsiein (ay-ren-brite'-stine), a celebrated fortification on the Rhine. 









78 


EUROPE.—TPIE BRITISH ISLES. 


k 



The silk-worm spins for himself a little house of yellow 
silk, called a cocoon, to sleep in while he is a chrysalis. 

This silk house 
is like a little 
egg, about an 
inch long. 
When the 
chrysalis is 
ready to use 
his wings and 
live as a moth, 
he bursts 
through the 
silken walls of 
his house and 
flies out. But this, of 
course, breaks the silk all 
to pieces. 

It must be whole, and 
so as soon as the cocoon 
is made, the silk-grower 
puts it into hot water. 
Silk-worm, Cocoon and Moth. The chrysalis is killed, 
(Half their natural size.) js saved. 


Nortli America. Its summers are not so 
liot; its ■winters are not so cold. 

What are the chief products of Europe ? 

Tlie cliief products of Europe are grains, 
liemp, flax, fruits, silk and wines. 


THE BRITISH ISLES. 

LESSON LII. 

1. The British Isles are also called the United 
I Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. They 
I consist of two large islands. Great Britain and 
1 Ireland, and a number of smaller ones. Great 
Britain contains England, Scotland and ^ ales. 

1 England is only a part of an island, and is not 
so large as the State of Iowa. Yet it owns one- 
sixth of all the land and rules one-seventh of all 
the people on the globe. 



For Recitation. 

How does Europe compare with the other continents in 
size and population ? 

Europe is one of the smallest continents, but, 
next to Asia, has the largest population. 

What is remarkable about the coast 
of Europe ? 

The coast of Europe is 
much indented. There 
are many good harbors. 

Describe the surface of Europe. 

The northeast part of Eu¬ 
rope is level; the south¬ 
west mountainous. 

Which are the most celebrated moun¬ 
tains of Europe, and for what 
are they noted ? 

The Alps are the most cele¬ 
brated mountains of Eu¬ 
rope. They are noted for 
their high peaks, and for their glaciers. 


Its possessions are found in every continent, 

I and the sun is always shining upon some part of 
! them. 

I ‘England is one of the great powers of the 
I Avorld. She owns more ships, and carries on 
more commerce and manufac¬ 
tures than any other nation. 


What are the chief rivers of Europe ? 

The Volga, the Danube and the Rhine are 
the chief rivers of Europe. 

How does the climate of Europe compare with that of 
North America ? 

The climate of Europe is milder than that of 


i Windsor Castle, the Home op the Queen. 

i Her trade with the United States is immense. She buys 
our grain, pork and beef to feed her crowded millions ; 
and we buy her manufactured goods. She is our best 
customer. 

England is dotted with cities and towns. 




















79 


THE BRITISH ISLES.— MAP STUDIES. 


Lohdon, the capital, is the largest and richest 
city ill the world, and the first in commercial 
imiiortance. It is on both sides of the River 
Thames {temz). More peojile live in London than 
in the whole State of Ohio. 

Liverpool ranks next to London as a commer¬ 
cial city. It is the gi'eatest cotton market in the 
world. Most of onr cotton, wheat, beef and pork 
that goes to England is landed there. 

Manchester is cele¬ 
brated for the manufac¬ 
ture of cotton goods ; 

Leeds for woollens. 

Birmingham is 
famed for its coal-mines 
and iron manufactures; 

Sheffield for cutlery; 

Newcastle for coal. 

2. Scotland is a hilly 
country, noted for the 
beautiful scenery of its 
lakes and mountains, 
and for the intelligence 
of its people. 

Edinburgh {ecV-in- 
hur-ruh), the ancient 
capital, is famed for its 
university. Glasgow 
is the largest city. 

3. Wales is a very 
mountainous country. 

It has rich mines of tin, 
copper, coal and iron. 

4. Ireland is often 
called the “ Emerald 
Isle,” because its fields 
are green all the year 
round. Dublin is its chief city, 
noted for its manufacture of linen. 



What have you learned of the commerce and manufactures 
of England ? 

England has greater commerce and more 
manufactures than any other nation. 

What can you say of London ? 

London, the capital of England, is the larg¬ 
est city in the world. It contains more 
people than the whole State of Ohio. 

Name other important cities. 

Liverpool, Manches¬ 
ter, Leeds, Birming¬ 
ham, Sheffield and 
Newcastle are impor¬ 
tant cities. 

Wliat can you say of Scot¬ 
land ? 

Scotland is a hilly 
country, noted for the 
beauty of its scenery 
and for the intelligence 
of its people. 

Name the chief cities of 
Scotland. 

The chief cities of 
Scotland are Edin¬ 
burgh and Glasgow. 

What are the chief cities 
of Ireland ? 

Dublin and Belfast 
are the chief cities of 
Ireland. 


Belfast is 


For Recitation. 

Of what do the British Isles consist ? 

The British Isles consist of two large islands. 
Great Britain and Ireland, and a number 
of smaller ones. Great Britain contains 
England, Scotland and Wales. 


Map Studies. — What 

ocean west of the British 
Isles ? What channel and 
strait between England and 
France ? What sea and 
channels separate England 
from Ireland ? What hills between England and Scotland? 

In what direction is Ireland from England ? Scotland 
from England ? Where is Wales ? Where are the Heb¬ 
rides {heh'-rid-eez) ? The Orkney and Shetland Isles ? 
Where are the Orampian Hills ? 

The hays on the coast of Scotland are called firths. Name 
two on the east coast ? What is the capital of England ? 
On what river is it ? In what part of England is Liver¬ 
pool ? Manchester ? Sheffield ? 

Where is Edinburgh ? In what direction is it from 
London ? Where is Glasgow ? Dublin ? Belfast ? 
























80 


EUROPE. —MAP STUDIES 


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NORTHERN EUROPE: SWEDEN AND NORWAY, RUSSIA, LAPLAND. 


LESSON LIII. 

1. Northern Europe.—The cold countries of 
Europe are Sweden, Norway and Eussia. 

2. Sweden and Norway together occupy a pen¬ 
insula in the northwest of Europe. They are both 
governed hy the King of Sweden. 

Except the southern portion of Sweden, the 
country is mostly mountainous, barren and very 
cold. Its chief w^ealth is in its mines, forests and 
fisheries. Swedish iron is the best in the world. 
Stockholm is the capital of Sweden; Chris¬ 
tiania of Norway. 



It covers more than half 

the continent. It extends from the cold shores 
of the Arctic Ocean to the warm lands on the Black 
Sea. It has, therefore, a great variety of climate. 

The southern half is like our prairie region. 
It is one of the gi*eat wheat-growing countries 
of the world. Immense crops of hemp and flax 
are also grown, and vast herds of cattle are 
raised. 

The leading exports are grain, hides and tallowL 
Odessa is the chief grain port. 

A great deal of the trade of Eussia is carried on 


at fairs. These are great gatherings of buyers 
and sellers of all kinds of goods. 

The largest fair in all the world is held at Nijni Nov¬ 
gorod {iiizh-ne nov'-go-rod'). Here we may see 5,000 booths 
full of all sorts of things to be sold, and more than 200,000 
people buying and selling as fast as they can. 

4. Eussia is an empire. The ruler is called the 
Czar {zar'). 

St. Petersburg, the capital, is his home. It is 
a city of jialaces and fine buildings. 

Moscow is a siflendid old city, full of churches 
with gilded domes and spires, from which on 
holidays the peals of a thousatid bells ring forth. 

5. Lapland is a cold, desolate region bordering 
on the Arctic Ocean. It is the home of the 
Lapps, a diminutive peojile like our Esquimaux. 

Tlie warm weather in Lapland lasts for only two 
months in the year. The long winters are made a little 
more cheerful by the aurora, which often fills the sky with 
long, waving streamers of white, green and yellow light. 
The Lapps make great use of the reindeer. This animal 
supplies them with milk and cheese. It will pull a sleigh 
a hundred miles a day. Its flesh is the only meat of the 
Laplanders. Its skin is made into coats, caps and boots. 

For Recitation. 

What countries are in Northern Europe ? 

Sweden, Norway and Eussia are in North¬ 
ern Europe. 

What can you say of Sweden and Norway ? 

Siveden and Norway are united under one 
king. The country is mountainous and 
very cold. 

What are the chief occupations in Sweden and Norway ? 
The chief occupations in Sweden and Nor¬ 
way are mining, fishing and lumbering. 
What can you say of the size of Russia ? 

Eussia is the largest country of Europe. It 
extends from the Arctic Ocean to the 
Black Sea. 

What are the great productions of Russia ? 

The great productions of Eussia are wheat, 
hemp, flax and cattle. 

In what way is the commerce of Russia largely carried on ? 
The commerce of Eussia is largely carried on 
by fairs. Hundreds of thousands of peo¬ 
ple go to them to buy and sell goods. 















CENTRAL EUROPE; O E R M A N V , TJIE NETHERLANDS. 


83 


MHiat are the chief cities of Russia ? 

I’lie chief cities of Russia are St. Petersburg, 
Moscow, Warsaw and Odessa. St. Peters¬ 
burg is the residence of tlie (Jzar. 

Afhat do you know of Lapland ? 

Tjapland is a region on the Arctic shore. 
It is the liome of tlie curious little Lapps 
and their useful companion the reindeer. 


IMany of the toys that Santa Claus brings at Cliristinas 
are made in this counti-y. In .some of the cities hundreds 
of the people are employed in making them. 

No people in Europe are l)etter educated than 
the Germans. They are great lovers of music. 

Berlin, the capital, is one of the finest cities 
on the continent. Hamburg ranks next to Liver- 
l)ool as a commercial city. 


LESSON LIV. 

1. In Central Europe we find the German Em- 
})ire, the Netherlands (also called Holland), Den¬ 
mark, Belgium, France, Austria and Switzerland. 

2. The German Empire contains twenty-six dif¬ 
ferent States, of which Prussia is the most impor¬ 
tant. They are united under one government, and 
are often called Germany. 

The country is rich in minerals of all kinds. 
A curious ju’oduct is amber, which is gathered 
on the shores of the Baltic Sea. 

Grain is raised in large quantities, and 
much of it is shipped to England and 
other countries of Europe. 

The valleys of the Rhine and 
other rivers 
are famed for 
their grapes. 

The slopes of 
these valleys 
are covered 
with vines, 
each fastened 
to a stake, to 
support its 
clusters of 
fruit. It is a 
merry time in 
the vineyards 
when the grapes are gathered. The wines of Ger¬ 
many are celebrated. 

In the summer vast fields are to be seen blue with the 
flower of the flax, and Germany is one of the great linen¬ 
making countries of the world. The sugar-beet is widely 
grown, and a large quantity of sugar is made. Prom the 
.sheep of Germany the finest wool is obtained. 


3. The Netherlands.—We come now to one of 
the strangest of all countries, the Netherlands. 

Tlie name means Low Countries, and low they 
are. In some places the land is twenty or thirty 
feet below tlie surface of the sea. Great embank¬ 
ments of earth, called dukes, have been built to 
I keep out the water. They are like our Missis- 
j sippi levees. 

I We see the great white sails of windmills all over the 
j country. What does it mean 'i Some of these mills are 
grinding wheat, but most of them are pumping the Neth¬ 
erlands dry. 

i In this watery land there are a great many canals. They 
cross the country in every direction and 
serve instead of roads. 

In winter they are frozen 
over, and all the Nether¬ 
lands is on skates and 
sleds. The women 
often skate several 
miles to market, with 
baskets of eggs on 
their heads. It is 
said that the fastest 
skaters in the world 
may be seen on 
these canals. 

Though the 
country is so full 
of water, it is 
not gloomy. The 
fields are vividly 
green, and the 
houses are gayly 
colored and ex¬ 
quisitely clean in¬ 
side and outside. 

The dress of the people is very old-fashioned and quaint. 

The Dutch (as the people of the Netherlands 
are called) are great cattle-raisers, sailors and 
fishermen. They are a most enterprising people, 
and have a large foreign commerce. 

The Hague is the capital. 










84 


CENTRAL EUROPE: DENMARK, BELGIUM, 


FRANCE, AUS.T^IIA, S M'1 T Z E R L A N D. 


4. Denmark, like the Netlierliiiicls, is occupied 

in the cultivation of the soil, in cattle-raising, 
and in making butter and cheese. These last, ! 
Avith grain, are largely exported. | 

Many of the people are engaged in fishing. 

Copenhagen, the capital, is a handsome city. 

5. Belgium is one of the smallest countries in 
Europe, but it is the most thickly peopled. 

If we could look down upon it from the clouds, it would 
seem almost like a vast town. How do so many people j 
live in such a small country ? They are all as busy as j 
bees. 

They cultivate their farms as carefully as gar- j 
dens, and are very skilful manufacturers. They ! 
have some of the greatest iron-works in the world. | 
Many of the Avomen are lace-makers. Some of j 
the lace that they make is Avorth as much as ^ 

$250 a yard. j 

Brussels is the capital. It is a gay city, and, j 
for this reason, is sometimes called ‘‘ Little Paris.” j 

6. France is a beautiful country. The people 
are remarkably industrious and economical. Like , 
the Belgians they are busy farmers and manu¬ 
facturers. 

Northern Prance produces grain and root crops. ! 
Immense cpiantities of beets are groAvn for making i 

sugar. j 

Middle France is a great vineyard. | 


Marseilles {mm'-sayls') has a larger com¬ 
merce than any other port of France. 

7. Austria is one of the empires of Europe. It 
contains several different States, of Avhich Hun¬ 
gary is the most important. 

Austria is one of the richest mineral regions of 
the continent. Its salt-mines are the largest in 
the w'orld. 

The chief agricultural products are wine, gi’ain, 
hemp and flax. Hungary is noted for its Avines. 

The most important manufactures are linen 
goods and colored glass. 

Vienna, the capital, is nearly as large as the 
city of Ncav York. 

8. SAvitzerland.— The little republic of SAvitzer- 
land is nestlcfl among the Alps. It is famous for 
its grand mountain peaks and licautiful lakes. 
So many people go there every year to enjoy the 
scenery, that it is called the ‘‘playground of 
Europe.” 

The SAviss are fond of liberty, and for a long 
time they Avere the only people of Europe Avho 
had a republican government. 

They are very industrious. Most of them are 
occupied in the care of sheep and cattle. They 
arc also celebrated for the manufacture of Avatches 
and toys. 

For Eecitation. 


’ It is interesting to be there in the merry season when 
the grapes are gathered. The ripe clusters are carteil to : 
a shed. Here they are put into a large trough, and three 
or four men, with feet and legs bare, dance upon them to 
the music of a fiddle. The juice is strained off and allowed 
to ferment. It thus becomes wine. I 

In Southern France, which borders on the j 
Avarm Mediterranean, Ave find many of the people 
occupied in raising silk-Avorms, and making olive 
oil, or pickling olives for export. 

The chief manufactures of France are silk 
goods. The silk factories of Lyons are the most 
important in the Avorld. They employ one hun¬ 
dred thousand persons. 

France is a republic. Paris, the capital, is the 
most splendid city of Europe. 

It is noted for the manufacture of articles requiring taste 
and delicate workmanship. Its porcelain, jewelry, instru¬ 
ments and kid gloves are specially famous. 


What countries are in Central Europe ? 

The German Empire, the Netherlands, Den¬ 
mark, Belgium, France, Austria and Sivit- 
zerland are in Central Europe. 

Name the chief products of Germany. 

Germany is rich in minerals. Grain, wine, 
flax and wool are produced in large quan¬ 
tities. 

For what are the Germans noted ? 

The Germans are noted for their learning 
and love of music. 

What is remarkable about a large part of the surface of 
the Netherlands ? 

A large part of the surface of the Netherlands 
is heloAV the level of the sea. The water is 
shut out by embankments called dylces. 










SOUTIIERX EUROPE: SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ITALY. 


85 


What are the chief occupations in the Netherlands ? 

The chief occupations in tlie Netherlands 
are farming, fishing and commerce. 

What are the chief occupations of Denmark ? 

The chief occupations of Denmark are farm¬ 
ing and fishing. 

For what is Belgium noted ? 

Belgium is noted for its dense population, its 
careful farming, and its manufactures of 
iron and lace. 

^^'hat are die chief occupations in France ? 

Farming and manufacturing are the chief 
occupations in France. 

What are the chief products of France ? 

The chief products of France are silk, wine, 
olive oil and sugar. 

What are the chief manufactures of France ? 

The chief manufactures of France are silks, 
ribbons and cotton goods, laces and kid 
gloves. 

For what is Austria noted ? 

Austria is noted for its salt-mines, wheat, 
flax and wines. 

What are the chief occupations of the Swiss ? 

Most of the Swiss are occupied in the care of 
sheep and cattle. Many are employed in 
the manufacture of watches and toys. 


LESSON LV 

1. Southern Europe consists of Spain and Por¬ 
tugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Eou(roo)-ma'-nia, 
and the Principalities. The name Principality is 
given to the little States of Servia, Bulgaria and 
3Ion-te-ne'-gro. 

2. Spain and Portugal were once the foremost 
countries of Europe. They occupy a peninsula. 
A large part of the country is mountainous. 

From the top of the loftiest mountains the view is beau¬ 
tiful. We see the blue Mediterranean like a quiet lake, 
dotted with steamers and white-sailed vessels creeping 
lazily along. Snowy mountain peaks are all around us, 
and far away over the water we see the dim outline of 
A frica. 


Spain possesses the richest quicksilver mine in 
the world. Among the highlands are raised large 
flocks of the merino sheep, so famed for its wool. 
In the valleys fine crops of wheat and corn are 
grown. 

The southern portion of the peninsula is a land 
of fruits. Grapes and figs, lenions and oranges 
grow in profusion. The wines are among the most 
celebrated in the world. 

From Spain we get sherry ; from Portugal, j^ort 
wine ; and from both, raisins and other fruits, and 
cork. 



Cutting Cork. 


Cork is the bark of a tree called the cork oak. Large 
forests of this oak grow in Spain and Portugal. 

Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain ; 
Lisbon, of Portugal. 

3. Italy is a peninsula, and, as we see on the 
map, has the shape of a boot. The Apennine 
Mountains stretch through it from top to toe. 

The islands of Sicily and Sardinia belong to 
Italy. 

No country in the world is more famed than Italy for its 
beautiful scenery, its sunny skies and its delightful climate. 























86 


SOUTIIEKN EUROPE: ITALY, UREECE, TURKEY. 


'Uhe agricultural jiroducts are like tliose of 
Spain. Immense plantations of mulberry-trees 
are grown, and more silk is produced here than in 
any other country of Europe. Here, too, are the 
largest rice fields on the continent. 

Among the mineral products we must remem¬ 
ber sulphur. The chief supply of the world 
comes from Italy. It is used in making powder. 

4. Home is the capital. In ancient times this 
city ruled the world. Among the thousand things 
to be seen there is St. Peter’s, the largest church 
ever Imilt. 


Aaples is built round the shores of a bay un¬ 
rivalled for beauty. 

In sight of Naples is the volcano Vesuvius. An eruption 
which occurred 1800 years ago buried three cities in ashes 
and lava. 

Florence was the birthplace of Gal-i-le’-o, 
who invented the telescope. Venice is a curious 
city built on numerous islands. It has canals in¬ 
stead of streets, and boats instead of carriages. 

5. Greece was the most cultivated nation of an¬ 
cient times. 

The Greeks wrote the best poetry, painted the finest pic¬ 
tures, and erected the handsomest buildings. But the glory 
of Greece has passed away. We can see how far behind 
other countries it is, when we are told that it has only one 
railway, and that a very short one. 

The only export that deserves to be mentioned 
is currants, which are a kind of little grape that 
we use in making cakes and mince-pies. 


6. Turkey is an empire consisting of many 
different parts. It is like a body, the head of 
which is in Europe, the legs, arms and other 
parts elsewhere. 

Turkey is, perhaps, the worst governed country 
in the world. Tlie Emperor, or Sultan as he is 
called, is an absolute ruler. The land is fertile, 
but the farming is wretched. In fact, scarcely 
anything is well done in all the country. 

Two good things, however, are made, carpets 
and at'-tar of roses. The latter is a delicious per¬ 
fume made from rose leaves. Near the cities where 
it is made, whole fields are planted with 
rose trees. 

The Turks are Mohammedans. They wor¬ 
ship God, but they do not consider the Bible as 
his word. Instead of it they have the Koran, a 
book written by Mohammed, whom they call 
“The Prophet.” Their churches are called 
mosques (mosks). Friday is their Sunday. 

CoN-STAN-Ti-No'-PLE, the Capital, is 
one of the most beautiful cities in the 
world. 

7. The Principalities of Servia, Bul¬ 
garia, Montenegro and the kingdom of 
Boumania used to be parts of Turkey. 
They are now independent, except that 
Bulgaria pays every year a certain sum of money> 
called tribute, to the Sultan. 

The chief products are grain, hogs and cattle. 

For Recitation. 

Of wluit does Southern Europe consist ? 

Southern Europe consists of Spain and Por¬ 
tugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Boumania 
and the Principalities. 

What are the chief exports of Spain and Portugal ? 

The chief exports of Spain and Portugal are 
cork, wool, fruits, wines and olive oil. 

For what is Italy noted ? 

Italy is noted for its scenery, its buildings, 
pictures and statues. 

What are the chief products of Italy ? 

The chief products of Italy are sulphur, silk, 
wheat and rice, olive oil and fruits. 



Rome—St. Peter’s, The Tiber. 


























REVIEW OF EUROPE. —ASIA. 


87 


What can you say of the present condition of Greece ? 

Greece is far lieliind most other countries of j 
Europe. Currants are its chief export. ! 
Name two of the leading manufactures of Turkey. 

Carpets and attar of roses are leadinsf man- 
ufactures of Turkey. 

What are the chief products of Roumania, Servia and 
Bulgaria ? 

Grain, hogs and cattle are the chief products 
of Roumania, Servia and Bulgaria. 


REVIEW OF EUROPE. 

Countries. — In what part of the continent is it ? Name 
the capital. 

Sweden. Norway. Great Britain. Netherlands. 
Germany. Denmark. Russia. France. Belgium. 
Switzerland. Austria. Turkey. Servia. Rou¬ 
mania. Greece. Italy. Spain. Portugal. 

Islands — Near what part of the coast 9 To what country 
does it belong 9 

Ireland. Hebrides. Orkneys. Shetland Isles. 
Sicily. Sardinia. Corsica. Candia. Malta. 


! Capes — On what part of the coast 9 

j North. Matapan. St. Vincent. Pinisterre (fair). 

Mountains — Where are they, and in what direction do 
the ranges e.rtend 9 

Alps. Caucasus. Ural. Apennines. Pyrenees. 
Balkan. Carpathian. Dovrefield. Mt. Etna. 
Mt. Vesuvius. 

Bay, Gulf and Seas — Where is it 9 

Bay of Biscay. Gulf of Bothnia. Mediterranean 
Sea. Black Sea. Baltic. Adriatic. North Sea. 
White. Irish. 

Straits — Connects what waters 9 Separates what lands 9 
Gibraltar. Dover. Messina. 

Rivers — Where does it rise 9 Into what does it flow 9 
Volga. Danube. Dnieper. Don. Dwina. Vis¬ 
tula. Oder. Elbe. Rhine. Rhone. Po. Seine. 
Tagus. Loire. {Iwar). 

Lakes — Where is it 9 
La'-do-ga. One'-ga. Caspian Sea. 

Cities — In what country 9 On or near what water 9 
Liverpool. Edinburgh. Lyons. Hamburg. Dresden. 
Moscow. Odessa. Dublin. Naples. Venice. 
Marseilles. Trieste. Nuni Novgorod. 


ASIA. 


LESSON LVI. 

1. Asia.—Having finished our visit to Europe, 
let us pass into Asia. It is sometimes called 
the ‘Mand of the morning.” This is because 
the sun rises on Asia earlier than on Europe, and 
so the morning light seems to come from it to 
Europe. 

Prom this we can see that Asia lies east of Europe. It 
is. of course, still further to the eastward of our own coun¬ 
try. Parts of it are quite half way round the world from 
us. Can you tell how many miles that is ? 

Asia is more than four times the size of Euroiie. 
It is the largest of all the continents. 

It contains more than half of all the jieojile 
living on the earth. These are of several ditfer- 


ent races. It will be interesting to notice how 
curiously many of them live. 

2. The coast-line of Asia, like that of Europe, 
is rough and jagged. Peninsulas jut out from it, 
and arms of the sea reach into it, so that Asia 
has plenty of sheltering harbors. 

3. Surface.—If we could be carried over the 
continent in a balloon, we should see that the 
central part is full of great mountain ranges and 
high plateaus. Here are the loftiest mountains 
in the world. 

If our balloon rose as high as the top of Mount 
Everest, the highest jicak of the Himalayas {him- 
aJi'-la-yas), we should be more than five miles 
above the sea. 














88 


ASIA: 


CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS, A NI M A L S . — A S I A TI C RUSSIA. 


5. Eivers.— We have seen that the Eocky 
Mountains and the Andes are the birthplace of 
those magnificent rivers the Missouri and the 
Amazon. So in Asia, the deep snows and heavy 
rains that fall upon the mountains feed many 
cfrand rivers. Find some of them on the maj). 

o 

6. Climate and Productions. — Asia reaches 
nearlv from the Equator to the North Pole. It 
lies in three zones, and has every kind of climate. 


7. Animals.— Asia has many curious animals. 
Its deserts are crossed by the patient camel. The 
elephant with his long trunk, the ferocious tiger, 
and the rhinoceros with his horn on the end of 
his nose, live in the jungles of Southern Asia. 
Here, too, poisonous serpents abound. Croco¬ 
diles swarm in the rivers. The wild beasts and 
serpents kill thousands of people every year. 

Many of our most useful domestic animals, 
such as the horse, the cow, the ass and the sheep 
are natives of Asia. 

For Recitation. 

How does Asia compare in 
size and population with the 
other continents ? 

Asia is the largest of all 
the continents, and con¬ 
tains more people than all 
the other continents put 
together. 

What is said of the Hima¬ 
laya Mountains ? 

The Himalaya Mountains are the highest 
on the globe. 

Name some of the animals of Asia. 

The camel, elephant, tiger and rhinoceros 
are found in Asia. 


On the Arctic shores 
we find ourselves among 
frozen swamps and snow- 
fields. The people who 
live here are like the Es¬ 
quimaux of North 
America. They 
dress in furs. 

In this 
region, 





Above its a xceite in Delhi (del'-le), once the 
most magnificent city of India. It had a jnyi- 
nlation o/2,000,000. The sovereign was called 
the Great 3Iogul. He sat on a throw studded 
with jewels, and kmown as the ‘fxxicock throne.'''’ 
It was worth $;i0,000,000. Delhi teas captured by the British in 1803. 


STATE ELEPHANT. 


as in Greenland, scarcely a tree is seen, and hardly 
anvthing grows but mosses and lichens. 

in Southern Asia we must use every care to 
protect ourselves from the scorching sun. It is 
the land of umbrellas and fans. Oranges, dates 
and cocoa-nuts hang on the trees ; the groves 
yield the fragrant cinnamon ; fields are bright 
with the snowy blossoms of the coffee-tree; the 
lofty bamboo waves in the breeze. 

Between the freezing north and the scorching 
south lies the temjterate region of Asia. No part 
of the world contributes more than this to the 
comfort of man. It is the native home of the 
tea-plant, the cotton-plant, the sugar-cane, and 
the silk-worm. Here the rose first blossomed, 
and the melon, the i)each and the orange first 
bore their luscious fruit. 


LESSON LVII. 

1. Asiatic Russia.— The eagle that is stamped 
upon the coins of Russia has two heads. This 
means that Russia has possessions in two conti¬ 
nents. She OAvns more than half of Europe and 
a large part of Asia. 

If, leaving Europe, we cross the rough, cold 
Caucasus Mountains, we shall enter that part of 
Asiatic Russia called Transcaucasia, a name Avhich 
means the land on the other side of the Caucasus. 
It is famed for the beauty of its Avomen. 

The Caspian Sea lies to the east of Transcauca¬ 
sia. Steamers and fishing boats are busy upon its 
briny waters. Let us cross to the other side. M e 
are still under the wing of the Russian eagle. 

The country is called Russian Turkestan. It is 
a good grazing land. Early and late, therefore, Ave 
















ASIA: SIBERIA, CHINA: OCCUPATIONS AND PRODUCTIONS. 


89 


hear the bleating of sheep, the grunting of camels, 
and the lowing of thousands of cattle. 

Most of the people—Tartars as they are called 
—are wandering herdsmen. They are dirty and 
ignorant, and there is nothing to keep us long in 
Turkestan. 

A caravan of 2,000 camels* is going from Bokhara into 
Siberia. Let ns go with them. 

2. Siberia is one of the coldest countries on the 
globe. In climate and products it resembles the 
Dominion of Canada. 

In the southern iiart grain is raised, in the cen¬ 
tral portion are vast forests, but in the far north 
scarcely anything grows. 

Fur-bearing animals—such as sables, ermines, 
wolves, foxes and bears—abound in the forests, 
and as in Canada, so here, a gi*eat many persons 
are hunters and trappers. 

But the mines of Siberia are its great source of 
wealth. Gold and silver, lead, copper and iron 
are found in abundance, as well as graphite 
(black-lead), from which drawing pencils of the 
finest kind are made. 

Siberia is so cold that very few people have set¬ 
tled there of their own accord. 

Most of the inhabitants are exiles or their descendants. 
The exiles are persons who have been banished from their 
hpmes in Russia by the Emperor, and are not allowed to 
return. Many of them are obliged to work in the jnines 
as a punishment. 

Besides the exiles, there is a small number of people like 
our Esquimaux, who live near the shores of the Arctic 
Ocean. 

3. China.—After seeing so much ice and snow, 
it will be pleasant to visit the “ Flowery Land,” 
as the people of China call their country. To 
reach it we must mount our camek and cross the 
desert of Gobi. It is a- dreary waste, and we pass 
through it just as fast as we can. 

e are nearing the borders of China, and in the distance 
we see the Great Wall. This is more than 1,000 miles long, 
and partly surrounds China. In some places it is thirty 
feet high, and so broad that six men on horseback can ride 
abreast on the top of it. This wall was built more than 
2,000 years ago, to keep some unpleasant neighbors out of 
the country. 


♦ These camels are of the kind called Bactrian, which has two humps 
on its back. They can endure cold. I 


We are now among the great Mon-go'-lian race, 
of which the Chinese are the largest family. 

China is densely peopled. It eontains nearly 
one-third of all the inhabitants of the world. 
For want of room on the land, several millions 
live on boats moored in the rivers and harbors. 
These boats tire arranged like houses on a street. 

4. Occupations and Productions.—Most of the 
people are farmers. Every foot of ground, even 
on the steep hill-sides, is carefully cultivated. 
Canals are dug from the rivers to water the land. 
Immense quantities of tea, cotton, sugar and rice 
are raised. Eice is the chief food of the people. 
Most of their clothes are made of cotton. 

China supplies the world Avith nearly all its tea. 

The tea-plant is a shrub with a bright glossy leaf, and 
a pretty white flower. The leaves are what we call tea. 
They are picked with the hand, and dried by Are or the 
heat of the sun. 

The mulberry-tree is extensively cultivated. Some of 
the plantations are so large that it takes two or three days 
to travel through them. 

The bamboo is as useful to the Chinese as the palm is to 
the Indians of South America. With it they build houses 
and boats, make furniture, baskets, waterpipes and all 
sorts of useful articles. The young shoots are used as 
food. 

Many of the i^eople are fishermen. They some¬ 
times use nets, but often we see them going out 
in their boats tvith two or three solemn-looking 
birds called cormorants. These birds are tuained 
to catch fish. They dive into the water and 
quickly fill the fisherman’s basket. 

The manufactures of the Chinese are chiefly 
those of silk, cotton goods and porcelain. Ma¬ 
chinery is not used. Everything is made by 
hand. 

5. Cities.—China contains a great number of 
large cities. Peking {pe-king'), the cajiital, is one 
of the largest in the Avorld. Shanghai {shang-M) 
and Canton are the chief-commercial ports. 

Not many years ago the Chinese were unwilling that any 
foreigners should enter their cities. When the author of 
this book first visited China, he and some companions de¬ 
termined to see something of a Chinese city. They entered 
the gate of Canton, running as fast as they could. But 
they were soon stopped. Men, women and children drove 
them back to their ship. The Chinese are now very glad to 
see strangers. 









90 


ASIA: CHINESP: EMPIRE, JAPAN. 


If we pass through the streets of one of their cities, we 
see every moment something strange. The men have all 
their hair shaved off, except a single tuft. This is never cut. 
It is plaited in a long braid, which hangs behind the back. 

Some of the women hobble about like children just learn¬ 
ing to walk. They are persons of wealth and rank. 
When they are infants their feet are tightly bandaged. 



people are dress¬ 
ed in blue cotton cloth. But notice that one in yellow 
robes, and that other in white. The yellow-robed man 
is a prince. The man in white has lost a friend ; and 
white is the color for mourning, as black is with us. 

Instead of eating with knives and forks, the Chinese use 
two little rounded sticks, called Qhopstichs. These are usu¬ 
ally made of wood or ivory, and are about ten inches long. 

The Chinese are a yery ingenious people. Some 
things that we do they did long before us. They 
used the comi)ass in steering ships at sea, and 
printed hooks, nobody knows how long ago. Cups 
and saucers are often called “chinaware,” be¬ 
cause the finest used to be made in China. 

6. Chinese Empire.— Thibet, Turkestan, Mon¬ 
golia, Manchooria and Corea belong to China, 
and with it make up the Chinese Empire. 

Thibet is the highest inhabited country in the 
world. , It is a cold, l)leak region. 

For Recitation. 

For what is Siberia noted ? 

Siberia is noted for its very cold climate, its 
rich mines and valuable furs. 


What is said of the population of China ? 

China contains about one-third of all the 
people in the world. They are Mongolians. 
What are the great products of China ? 

Tea, silk, cotton and rice are the great prod¬ 
ucts of China. 

What are the chief exports of China ? 

The chief exports of China are tea and silk. 


LESSON LVIII. 

1. Japan.—At Shanghai let us embark on a 
steamer and visit the Empire of Japan. It lies 
east of China, and consists of four large isl¬ 
ands and many smaller ones. In some respects 
it resembles the great island kingdom of Great 
Britain. 

The vegetation of Japan is wonderfully rich 
and varied, and the people are very fond of 
flowers. 

Tea, rice and the silk-mulberry are the great 
products. Rice is the daily food of the people. 

One tree yields the resin from which the well- 
known Japan varnish is made, and another, the 
gum called' camphor. 

Bamboo is used, as in China, for making all 
sorts of useful articles. 

2. The people are Mongolians. They are like 
the Chinese, but are more progressive. Within a 
few years tliey have adopted the inventions of the 
most enlightened nations. Railways, steamboats 
and telegraphs have been introduced, and public 
schools established. 

The Japanese are ingenious and skilful work¬ 
men. Their paper and silks are beautiful. No 
nation in the*world surpasses them in making 
porcelain and ornamental vases of metal. Of 
Japan or lacquer {lah'-er) ware, they make 
drinking cups, bowls and other useful articles. 

Some of the Japanese customs are very curious. If we 
visit a Japanese friend, we are not asked to take a chair, 

1 because there are none. We sit upon the floor on a mat. 

I If we dine with our friend, we do not go to the table ; din¬ 
ner is served on a tray. Eating is hard work for us. It 
is done, as in China, with chopsticks. When we wish to 
leave the house of our friend, he orders a jin-rik'-ish-a, or 
hand-carriage. It is a comfortable chair mounted on two 
wheels, and drawn by two men. (See picture next page.) 












ASIA: INDO-CniNA, BRITISH INDIA: THE HINDOOS. 


91 


Tlie chief exports arc tea, silk, jtorcelain, lac¬ 
quer-ware aiul camphor. 


lages, towns and cities. Though only about one- 
half the si'^.e of the United States, it contains five 



3. Cities.— To'kio is the capital. It is about 
the size of Uew York City. Yokohama is the 
port Avhere most of the foreign trade is carried on. 

4. Indo-China is the southeastern peninsula of 
Asia. It lies in the Torrid Zone, and is one of 
the hottest parts of Asia. It contains the empires 
of Burmah and Anam and the kingdom of Siam. 

Rice and sugar-cane are the great crops. 

In the dense forests are found the 
valuable ship timber called teak, 
and the fragrant sandal-wood 
which is burned as incense 
in the temples. As in 
China, so here, the bam¬ 
boo grows in abundance, 
and many of the peo¬ 
ple live in bamboo 
boats on the rivers, or 
in bamboo huts which 
rest on piles. 

Like the Chinese, the peo- 
])le of Inclo-Cluna are accus¬ 
tomed to shave their heads, 
leaving only a single tuft to 
grow ; they use no knives or forks, 
and live chiefly on rice. 

The country is famed for its elephants. 

When a white one is found, he is honored 
almost as if he were a god. He has his palace, 
and takes rank next to the king. 


5. British India.—Leaving Indo- 
China we cross the Bay of Bengal 
and land at the port of Calcutta. 

^Ye are now in India. This country consists of 
the great peninsula lying west of the Bay of 
Bengal, with a little striji of land on the east 
side of the same bay, and the island of Ceylon 
{see-lon’). It belongs to England, and is there¬ 
fore called British India. 

Many English people live here, but most of the 
inhabitants are natives. They are called Hindoos. 
Their color varies. Some are dark olive, others 
light brown, others again are nearly black. 

India, like China, swarms with people. The 
land in many jiarts is almost covered Avith vil- 


times the number of inhabitants. 

6. The Hindoos are divided into four classes 
(called castes) —priests, soldiers, merchants, labor¬ 
ers. These keep sejiarate one from another. 

A priest and a soldier may not eat together. The daugh¬ 
ter of a merchant is not good enough to marry a soldier. 

The Hindoos are mostly pagans. They worship horribly 
ugly idols. Juggei'naut is one of them. He is an immense 
block of black stone, with two splendid diamonds 
for eyes. The Ganges is worshipped almost 
as if it were a god. It is called 
the holy river. The people make 
long and weary pilgrimages up 
one bank and down the other. 
They throw themselves into 
the stream, feeling sure 
that it will cure their dis¬ 
eases, and wash away their 
sins. 

The Hindoos arc 
skilful workmen. They 
make the famous cash- 
mere shawls, from the 
wool of the Cashmere 
goat. Their finest mus¬ 
lin is equal to the best 
that is made by ma¬ 
chinery. It is so deli¬ 
cate that, they call it 
“woven wind” and 
“evening dew.” 

Cotton, opium, indigo, 
sugar and rice are the 
chief products. Here, 
as in China and Japan, 
rice is the princijial article of food. Opium is the 
dried Juice of a kind of poppy. It is much smoked 
and chewed, especially by the Chinese. 

The famous banyan tree grows in India. It curiously 
sends down shoots from its branches to the ground. These 
take root and become trunks. A single tree may have 
many thousand such trunks. There is a banyan tree at 
Calcutta which covers four acres of ground. 

7. Cities.— Calcutta, Bombay and Ma-dras' 
are the chief commercial cities of India. Cal¬ 
cutta is the capital. 


Scene in a Japnuene city. A jinrikisha in the. 
foreground. Teeniple in the centre of the picture. 
The mowy peak of Jficsiyania in the distance. 












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Lena 


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RUSSELL d STRUThERS, ENG’S, M.r. 



































































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94 


ASIA: AFGHANISTAN, BELOO CHIST A N, PERSIA, ARABIA. 


For Recitation. 

What are the chief products of Japan ? 

Tea, silk and rice are the chief products of 
Japan. 

What is said of the Japanese ? 

The Japanese are the most progressive family 
of the Mongolian race. They have rail¬ 
ways, telegraphs and pnhlic schools. 

What are the chief products of Indo-C'hina ? 

The chief products of Indo-China are rice 
and sugar. 

What can you say of the population of India ? 

The population of India is five times as large 
as that of the United States. The natives 
are called Hindoos. 

What are the great products of India ? 

Cotton, opium, indigo, sugar and rice are the 
great products of India. 


LESSON LIX. 

1. Afghanistan and Beloochistan lie to the west 
of India. They are wild, mountainous countries. 
Much of the land is desert. 

There are no roads. 

The great caravans, carrying 
gums, precious stones and oth¬ 
er costly things, from India to 
Persia and Turkey, have to 
pass through these countries. 

The people are called Af¬ 
ghans and Beloochees. They 
are very warlike. Many of 
them are wandering herdsmen, 
and have large numbers of 
horses and sheep. They are 
Mohammedans. 


2. Persia.—Glad to leave the 
warlike Afghans, we enter Per¬ 
sia. A great deal of the coun¬ 
try is dry and barren; but 
wherever the fields are water¬ 
ed the soil is very productive. 

Persia is a land of fruits. It is the native home 


of the peach and the melon. Flowers abound. 
Fields of roses are raised, and hyacinths grow 
wild. There are large mulberry plantations, and 
gi’eat quantities of silk are produced. 

The Persians are famed for their shawls and 
carpets. 

In ancient times this was one of the most powerful coun¬ 
tries in the world. But its glory is departed, and Persia 
is scarcely reckoned among the nations. 

3. Arabia.—Let us cross the Persian Gulf to 
Arabia. Here, as in Persia, we find a great deal 
of desert land. The coast region and the interior, 
however, are very productive, and there are fer¬ 
tile spots even in the midst of the desert. 

Like Persia, Arabia is a land of fruits. Dates, 
melons, pomegranates, grapes, figs, oranges and 
citrons abound. The best coffee in the world 
comes from Mocha. Gum-arabic is largely gath¬ 
ered. It derives its name from the country. It 
is the dried sap of the acacia tree. 

Some of the peojile of Arabia live in cities and 
villages as w'e do. Others, who are called bedouin 
{hed-oo-een'), live in the desert. They have tents 
instead of houses, and keep large numbers of 
horses and camels. Their horses are celebrated 
for their fleetness and sagacity. 

Mec'ca, the birthplace of 
Mohammed, and Medina, his 
burial-place, are the holy cities 
of the Mohammedans. 

Once at least in his life every,good 
Mohammedan must go on a pilgrim¬ 
age to these cities. It is part of his 
religion. When the pilgrim is near¬ 
ing Mecca, he must dismount from 
his camel and approach the sacred 
place on foot. 

The Mohammedans say their pray¬ 
ers several times in the day. Instead 
of a church bell to remind them of 
the proper time, they have a man to 
call out from the minarets or spires 
of the mosques, “To prayers, to 
prayers, 0 true believers ! ” They 
always pray with their faces turned 
in the direction of Mecca. 

Mohammedan women, particular¬ 
ly those who live in cities, wear a 
veil out of doors like that shown in the picture. There 



Seem in Damanen.s. The Kircetx in Oriental 
cities arc narrow. Awnba/s are often stretched 
over the wider cnies, as in, the picture. In the 
left hand comer of the picture is a shoe-sho]}. 
The shoes are set on a counter built aut into the 
strext. In the backi/roiind is a mosque. On top 
(f its dome is a crescent, which is the si/pi of the 
Mohanumdan relk/ion. Near the dome two 
minarets rise. 












ASIA: TURKEY.—REVIEW OF ASIA. 


96 


aie two little holes for the eyes, but no other part of the 
face can be seen. 

4. Turkey. —While visiting Europe tve found 
tluit the head or capital of the Turkish or “ Otto¬ 
man Empire ” was in that continent. The other 
portion, or body of the empire, lies chiefly in Asda, 
and is called Turkey in Asia. The capital of the 
em})ire is Constantinople. 

A great deal of Turkey in Asia is desert, 
and much even of the fertile land is not culti¬ 
vated. If a man raises a crop, the government 
takes a large part of it from him. The people 
therefore feel that it is not worth while to be in¬ 
dustrious. Still the products arc valuable. 

Grain, fruits, tobacco and the poppy are raised. 
All over the country there are mulberry groves, 
and a large quantity of silk is produced. 

Near the coast are the great sponge fisheries of the Medi¬ 
terranean. Divers go down from boats, to the bottom of 
the sea, and pull the sponges from the. rocks. 

Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It 
looks beautiful at a distance, but it is dirty and 
ruinous. Smyrna is the chief commercial city. 
Among its exports are figs, opium and sponges. 

It is far more interesting to us to think tvhat 
Turkey used to be, than what it is notv. Here 
were the great cities of Nineveh and Babylon. 
Here Abraham pastured his flocks, and David 
and Solomon ruled. Here are Bethlehem, 
where Christ Avas born, and Jerusalem, where 
he Avas crucified. 

The customs of the people are curious. The men shave 
their heads and wear turbans. These consist of several 
yards of linen or muslin wound round the head. They 
protect the wearer from sunstroke. 

The people use their fingers instead of knives and forks, 
and so after meals they must always wash their hands. 
When they enter their mosques, they take off their shoes 
instead of their turbans. 

They are fond of hearing wonderful tales. In the even¬ 
ing crowds of people are seen drinking coffee and smoking 
in the coffee-houses, and eagerly listening to story-tellers, 
just as we read of their doing in the Arabian Nights’ 
Entertainments. 

For Recitation. 

What have you learned of Afghanistan and Beloochistan ? 

Afghanistan and Beloochistan are mountain- 
ous countries, inhabited by \"ery Avarlike 


tribes. Caravans going from India to 
Turkey have to pass through them. 

For what is Persia famed ? 

Persia is famed 'for its fruits, shaAvls and 
carpets. 

What are the chief products of Arabia ? 

The chief products of Arabia are coffee and 
dates. 

What do we receive from Turkey in Asia ? 

From Turkey Ave receive figs and sponges. 


REVIEW OF ASIA. 


Countries.— In what jmrt of the continent is it 9 Name 
the capital or an important city. 

SiBFJRIA, 


Russian Turkestan, 

Chinese Empire, 

Japan, 

Siam, 

India, 

Afghanistan, 

Islands— Near whatpiart of the coast 9 To what country 
does it belong 9 

Ceylon. Saghalien. Formosa. Liu Kiu. Kurile. 


Turkey, 

Burmah, 

Anam, 

Beloochistan, 

Persia, 

Arabia. 


Capes— On what part of the coast 9 
Comorin. Cambodia. Northeast. East. 

Mountains— Where are they, and in what direction do 
the ranges extend 9 

Hlmalaya. Kuen Lun. Altai. Hindoo Koosh. 
Everest. Ararat. Sinai. 


Seas, Bays and Gulfs.— Where is it 9 
Red Sea. Arabian. China. Yellow. Sea oh 
Japan. Okhotsk. Behring. Bay of Bengal. 
Persian Gulf. Gulf of Siam. 


Straits_ Connects what waters 9 Separates what lands 9 

Bab-el-Mandeb. Malacca. Corea. Behring. 
Rivers— Where does it rise 9 Into what does it flow 9 
Obi. Yenesei. Lena. Amoor. Hoang-ho. Yang- 
TSE - Kiang. Brahmapootra. Ganges. Indus. 
Euphrates. Mekong. 

Lakes_ Where is it 9 

Caspian Sea. Aral Sea. Lake Balkash. Baikal. 


Cities— In ivhat country 9 

Canton. Yokohama. Bombay. Madras. Ispahan. 
Smyrna. Lassa. Jerusalem. Mecca. Mocha. 
Damascus. Irkutsk. Bokhara. 






AFRICA. 


LESSON LX. 

1. Leaving Asia let ns visit Africa, the home of 
the negro race. Most of the natives belong to 
this race and are savages.- Many of them are 
constantly fighting and making slaves of one an¬ 
other. 

Africa is second only to Asia in size. It lies 
chiefly in the Torrid Zone, and is the hottest of 
all the continents. 

The coast-line is not much indented ; and con- 
se(|uently there are very few good harhoi’s. In 
this respect Africa is like South America. 

2. Surface. —Most of 
Africa is a plateau, or 
elevated plain. It is 
surrounded hy a nar¬ 
row belt of low land 
along the coast. The 
})rincipal mountains 
are the Atlas Moun¬ 
tains on the north, and 
the Mountains of the 
Moon near the Erpia- 
tor. Large portions 
of the continent are 
deserts. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

—The chief rivers are 
the Nile, the Niger 
{ui'-jer), the Congo 
and the Zambezi 
{zam-hay'-ze). The 

Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world. 

Africa contains some of the largest lakes in the 
world. The most imjiortant are Albert and Vic¬ 
toria. 

4. Vegetation.— Many curious trees are natives 
of Africa. The date-palm is as valuable to the 
African as the banana is to the South American 
Indian. Its fruit is his daily food. The cocoa- 
palm produces the well-known cocoa-nut. The 
palm-oil tree yields large quantities of yellow oil, 
which is sent by steamer-loads to England. It is 



obtained by boiling the fruit, and is used for 
making soa}). 

Africa has a remarkable shade tree that grows 
nowhere else. It is called the bcc’-o-bab. It is not 
very high, but it shoots out branches which hang 
down to the ground, and make for the weary trav¬ 
eller a green shelter like a giant umbrella. 

Cotton and indigo, sugar-cane, Avheat and niiL 
let (a kind of grain) are largely cultivated. 

5. Animals.— Africa is remarkable for its strange 
and fierce animals. Among the most curious are 
the gorilla and chim])anzee, huge monkeys which 

are very like men ; the 
giraffe, hippopotamus, 
rhinoceros (ri-nos'-e- 
ros) and zebra. 

Tlie giraffe (ji-raf') is 
tlie tallest of all living 
creatures. The hippopot¬ 
amus, or river-horse, lives 
partly in the water, and 
partly on land. On the 
river-banks crocodiles are 
to he seen basking in the 
sun. The white ant builds 
houses from fifteen to thir¬ 
ty feet liigli. Whole vil¬ 
lages of them are some¬ 
times seen. When deserted, 
the ant-houses are some¬ 
times used by the natives 
as ovens. 

Among the useful 
animals are the elephant, the ostrich and the 
camel. Elephants’ tusks and ostrich feathers are 
two of the chief exports of Africa. 

Ostriches are now raised on farms. 

Formerly the only way of getting their featliers was by 
hunting and killing the wild birds. They are very shy, 
and will run as fast as the fleetest horse. But the na¬ 
tives, by covering themselves with ostrich skins, manage 
to get near enough to shoot them. 

Immense numbei's of wild animals roam over the grassy 
plains. The natives dig great holes, and cover them over 
with sticks and leaves. They then drive the wild animals 
into tliem. Elephants, antelopes and other game are 
taken in great numbers. In the winter this hot continent 




















AKUUA: EGYPT, THE BARB ARY STATES. 


07 


fiirnislies comfortable homes for many of tlie birds of 
pjissage that are driven out of Europe by the cold. 

For Recitation. 

(-)f what race is Africa the home ? 

Africa is the home of the negro race. 

\\'liat are some of the most useful trees of Africa ? 

The most useful trees of Africa are tlie date- 
I)alm and the oil-palm. 

Name sojne of the animals of Africa. 

Among the animals of Africa are the gorilla 
and chini})anzee, tlie giraffe and zebi-a. 


LESSON LXI 

1. Egypt is the most interesting country of 
Africa. It was once the most highly civilized 
jiart of the earth. The people Avho lived there 
more than three thousand years ago built jiyrarnids 
and temides so grand that they have always been 
among the wonders of the world. 


Egypt is one of the finest wheat regions on the 
globe. You may remember that when there was a 
famine in the country where Jacob lived, he sent 
his sons down to Egypt to buy wheat there. The 
country is just as fertile now as then. 

The fertility of Egypt is very curious, because not a drop 
of rain falls on all the land excejit near the coast of the 
Mediterranean. What makes this rainless region so rich? 


Every year in tlie summer months the Nile overflows its 
banks, and the country is like a great lake. After a while 
the water subsides. The fields are left covered with mud, 
and the farmers sow their seed upon this. 

But where does the water come from that makes the over¬ 
flow? Among the high mountains near the sources of the 
Nile the rain falls in torrents. It pours into the river and 
fills it to overflowing. 

A\ heat, rice, cotton, sugar-cane and indigo an' 
the chief products. Groves of date-palms are 
grown near every village. 

Grain, cotton, indigo and dates are the chief 
exports. Gold-dust, ivory and ostrich feathers 
are brought by caravans from the interior of Africa 
into Egypt. 

The ruler of Egyjit is called Khedive 
which means king. He pays tribute every year 
to the Sultan of Turkey. 

Cairo {ki'-ro), the cajiital, is the largest city of 
Africa. Alexandria is the principal seaport. 

The Suez Canal is a part of the route now taken by vessels 
carrying tea and other articles from Asia to Europe. For¬ 
merly, ships sailed round Africa by way of the Cape of Good 
Hope in going from India to Europe. 

2. The Barbary States.— 

Journeying westward from 
Cairo along the Mediterra¬ 
nean shores, we enter Tripoli, 
Tunis, Algeria and j\Iarocco. 
These are called the Barbary 
States, from the name of the 
Berbers, who were the native 
inhabitants. 

Tripoli and Tunis pay trib¬ 
ute to Turkey. Fezzan, the 
great oasis, belongs to Trijioli. 
Algeria is a colony of France. 
Marocco is ruled by its own 
Sultan. 

The red cap called fez, worn in this region, is 
made by the people of Fez, a city of Marocco. 

• Grain, dates and olive oil are the chief pro¬ 
ducts. South of the Atlas Mountains is a region 
called the Land of Dates. It is famed for the 
yield of this fruit. 

Tlie people of the Barbary States are Moham¬ 
medans. 



The Nile, a Pyramid, Date-Palm Trees. 



























98 


AFRICA: MAP STUDIES.—THE SAHARA. 


For Recitation. 

Wliat are the chief products of Egypt ? 

Wheat, rice, cotton, sugar and dates are the 
chief i^rodncts of Egyjit. 

What are the chief products of the Barbary States ? 

Grain, dates and olive oil are the chief prod¬ 
ucts of the Barbary States. 


MAP STUDIES. 

Of what countries are tlie following cities 
the Capitals? 


Cairo, 

Freetown, 

Tripoli, 

Cape Town, 

Tunis, 

Mozambique, 

Algiers, 

Zanzibar, 

Marocco, 

Gondar. 

Monrovia, 



How is Africa separated from Europe ? What ocean 
and sea on the east ? What ocean on tlie west ? What 
sea on the north ? Of what sea is the Strait of Bab-el- 
Mandeb the entrance ? Where is the Gulf of Guinea ? 

Name the most northern cape of Africa. The most 
western. AVhat noted cape is the most southern ? 
Where is Cape Guardafui {(jimr-dah-f we') ? What large 
island east of Africa ? In what ocean is it ? What 
separates it frbm Africa ? 


What country occupies the northeastern corner of 
Africa ? What river flows through Egypt ? Into 
what sea does the Nile flow ? What city at the mouth 
of the river ? 

Where are the Barbary States ? What two countries 
west of Tunis ? AVhere is Fezzan ? To what country 
does it belong ? Where are the Atlas Mountains ? 

What islands west of Marocco ? What great desert 
south of the Barbary States ? 

What region south of the Sahara ? What river flows 
through Soudan and enters the Gulf of Guinea {gldn'- 
tu) ? Where is Lake Tchad {chad) ? Sakoto ? Timbuc- 
too ? Kouka ? What country south of the Senegal 
River ? AVherc is Liberia ? Ashantee ? Dahomey ? 

What great river crosses the Equator twice and flows 
into the Atlantic ? What lake is crossed by the Equa¬ 
tor ? What river rises in this lake ? Where is Lake 
Tanganyika {tan-gnn-yee'-kah) ? Lake Nyassa ? 


What English colony in the southern extremity of 
Africa ? What river forms the northern boundary ? 


What desert north of Cape Colony ? Where is the 
Oranffe Free State ? Transv^aal ? Natal ? Zulu Land { 
What three countries on the coast north of Transvaal ? 

Where are the Mountains of the Moon ? What is 
the highest peak ?—Ans. Mount Kilima Njaro (kil-i- 
manja-ro'). It is always covered with snow. What coun¬ 
try northwest of Somali {so-mah'-le) ? 

In what direction is Cape Town from Cairo ? In 
what direction does the Nile flow ? 

Is more of Africa north or south of the Equator ? In 
what zone is most of Africa ? What countries lie 
wholly within the North Temperate Zone ? Which lie 
wholly within the South Temperate ? In which zones is 
Egypt ? 


LESSON LXII. 

1. The Sahara {sah-liali-rah) is the largest des¬ 
ert in the world. It reaches nearly across the 
continent, and is about ten times the size of the 
great State of Texas. 

Most of it is a vast waste of sand and pebbles, 
where no rain falls. Only here and there are 
oases, where date-palms and other fruit-trees grow. 

Caravans constantly cross the desert. They 
carry gold-dust, ivory and ostrich feathers from 
the interior of Africa to the coast of the Mediter¬ 
ranean, and take back manufactured articles, such 
as cotton goods. 

Salt is obtained in large quantities from various 
places in the Sahara. Caravans of 1,000 camels 
go to Bilmah for it. 

Let us join a caravan and cross the Sahara. The camel 
is the only beast of burden that we can use, because he can 
travel for many days without suffering for want of water. 

The driver speaks to our camels, and they kneel to let us 
mount. We now begin our journey. The camels rock us 
a lmost as if we were in a little boat upon the sea. Some of 
us feel sea-sick. Soon something even worse than sea-sick¬ 
ness comes. 

A dark cloud is driven toward us by the wind. The air 
is filled with sand and dust. Our eyes are almost blinded. 
The sun is darkened as if it were night. 

We are in a sand-storm. The camels turn their backs to 
the wind, kneel down and put their noses close to the 
ground. We lie down and cover our faces with handker¬ 
chiefs. Soon the storm is over. The camels rise, we shake 
the sand from our clothes, and begin the journey again. 

The sun is scorching hot. The sand almost bums. 
But as the sun goes down it grows cooler and cooler. At 
last it is really cold. We are thankful for shawls and 
blankets. 















30 Longitude 20 West 10 


0 Longitude 10 Kost 


20 from 30 Greenwich 40 


ARDiNiA 


SICILY 


Strait of Gwraltar 


/ MADEIRA 

/ 

r ISLANDS 
(To J\/rtuyal) 


TRIPOLI 


BARc>n 


HMU8 


CANARY 

(To S}*ain) 


OUK 


TROPIC OF CANCER 


Bilinah 


Tinibuctooi 


Lake TchaU. 


^Sokoto 

Uyakobaf 


Kouk'a 


Strait' 




FREE TOWNI 




MONROVIA 


GULF OF 
G UINEA 


Lake 

Alberti 


CQUATOR 


EQU-ATOR 


Lake IVcl’ 


iffia Njaro 


Tanganyika 


^/%ZANZIBAR 


ASCENSION 

ISLAND 


StPaul de ^andt^'^ 


r JVi/dsJra, 
xiver 


MOZAMBIQUE 


ST.HELENA* 
1 ISLAND 


'nArivo 


TROPIC OF CAPRICORN 


'elagoa Bay 




rzuLu 

.AND 


*'S7Fort Natal 


AFRICA 


CAPE TOWN^ V 
Cap? of Good Hope^ 


100,000 

SQUARE 

MILES 


77 Longitude 87 East 97 from 107W£whington 117 


J.WELLS,DEL. 


RUSSELL A 8THUThERS]ENG'8,N.y. 


4 


































































































































100 


AFRICA: SOUDAN, WEST COAST, SOUTH AFRICA, EASTERN COAST. 



It takes iis more than 
two months to cross the 
desert on camel-back. 
When the railway now 
proposed from Algeria to 
Timbuctoo is completed, 
it will take less than a 
week. Caravans go from 
Timbuctoo to Marocco, 
and from Kouka and So- 
koto to Tripoli. 


2. Soudan {soo-dalm'), which 
(See page 90.) cntcr, is a wonderfully 

different country from the dry Sahara. It is well 
wooded and very productive. 

Cotton and indigo grow wild, and great crops 
of corn and fruit are produced. Cattle and sheep 
are raised in vast numbers, and countless deer and 


antelopes roam over the prairies. 

Soudan is the “land of the blacks.” It con¬ 


tains a numerous population, and many of the 
cities are very large. The people are the most 
highly civilized of the negro tribes. 

South of Soudan lies what is called Central Af¬ 
rica. The inhabitants are fierce and degraded 
negro tribes. Their country is not well known. 


3. The West Coast.—Let us visit the West 
Coast of Africa. It is one of the hottest and most 
unhealthy regions in the world. 

The chief exports are gums, palm-oil and cotton. 

Senegambia contains several foreign settle¬ 
ments, established for carrying on trade with the 
natives. Sierra Leone {se-er'-rah le-o’-ne) is an 
English colony. Its inhabitants are chiefly freed 


negroes. Liberia is a little republic belonging to free 
negroes wlio once were slaves in the United States. 

The negro kingdoms of Ashantee and Dahomey 
are occupied by cruel and warlike tribes. South 
of these kingdoms we find several trading settle¬ 
ments belonging to the Portuguese. 

4. South Africa contains several important 
colonies. Cape Colony and Ua-tal' belong to 

England. Tlie Orange Free State and Trans¬ 
vaal {tra7is-vahl') are Dutch settlements. Cape 
Town, the capital of Cape Colony, is the chief 
city of South Africa. 

Sheep-raising is the chief occupation, and 
great quantities of wool are exported. Dia¬ 
monds are found in largo numbers. 

A peculiar industry is the raising of ostriches 
on “ostrich farms.” 

5. The Eastern Coast is like the Western. It 
has the same unhealthy climate. Gums, coffee 
and ivory are the chief exports. 

Mozambique {mo-zatn-beek') contains a few 
Portuguese trading settlements. Zan-gue-bar' is 
ruled by a Sultan. Zanzibar, his capital, is the 
greatest ivory market in the world. Somali and 
Abyssinia are famed for their cattle and coffee. 

The island of Madagascar is like South Africa 
in climate and products, but its people are en¬ 
tirely different from all African tribes. They are 
Malays. They have become Christians. 

For Eecitation. 

What can you say of the Sahara ? 

The Sahara is the largest desert in the world. 
Salt is its most valiiable product. 

Who are the inhabitants of Soudan ? 

The inhabitants of Soudan are the most high¬ 
ly civilized native tribes of Africa. 

What are the chief exports of the West Coast of Africa ? 
The chief exports of the West Coast of Africa 
are gums, cotton and palm-oil. 

What are the principal occupations of South Africa ? 

Sheep-raising and ostrich-farming are the 
principal occupations of South Africa. 

What are the chief exports of the East Coast of Africa ? 
The chief exports of the East Coast of Africa 
are gums, coffee and ivory. 








REVIEW OF AFRICA. —AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND. 


101 


REVIEW OF AFRICA. 

Countries — Where is it ? 

Egypt. Abyssinia. Marocco. Algeria. Tunis. 
Tripoli. Soudan. Liberia. Senegambia. Sierra 
Leone. Guinea. Cape Colony. Natal. Orange 
Free State. Transvaal. Mozambique. Zanzibar. 

Islands — Near what part of the coast ? 

Madeira. Canary. Madagascar. St. Helena. 

Mountains — Where are they, and in what direction do 
the ranges extend ? 

Moon. Atlas. Kong. Snow. Kilima Njaro. 

Seas, Gulf — Where is it ? 

Mediterranean Sea. Red Sea. Gulf of Guinea. 

Straits and Channel — Connects what waters? Separ¬ 
ates what lands ? 

Gibraltar, Bab-el-Mandeb, Mozambique Ciiannei . 

Rivers — Where does it rise ? Into what does it flow f 
Nile. Niger. Zambezi. Congo. 

Lakes — Where is it ? 

Victoria. Albert. Tanganyika. Nyassa. Tchad 
Cities — In what country ? 

Cairo. Tripoli. Tunis. Algiers. Marocco. 

Fez. Alexandria. Sokoto. Gondar. Cape 
Town. Mozambique. Zanzibar. Freetown. 
Tananarivo. Monrovia. 


AUSTRALIA. 

LESSON LXIII. 

1. Australia.—Let us sail from Madagascar 
across the Indian Ocean and visit Australia. 
This is so large a body of land that we call it a con¬ 
tinent. It is nearly the size of the United States. 

If we look at a globe, we will see that Austra¬ 
lia is on the other side of the world from us. For 
this reason, when it is our night it is day there. 

Then, again, Australia is different from our continent in 
another way. We are north of the Equator. It is south. 
Because of this, when it is winter here it is summer there. 
Christmas-day there comes in midsummer. 

2. The Climate of' Australia is generally hot. 
The eastern portion of the continent is the best 
watered and the most fertile. The interior is 
almost rainless, and much of it is an arid waste. 


3. The Plants and Animals are very remarkable. 
Most of the plants are evergreens. Some of them 
shed their bark instead of their leaves. 


The ferns grow to the size of trees, and nettles 
are sometimes fortv 



circular picture. The kangaroo, with her young ones in her jxwket, 
sits in the centre. Below her is the cluck-bill, an animal having fur like 
a heaver's and a hill like a duck's. Two emus, or Australian ostricfies, 
stand near. Outside the circle is a flock of slteej}. 

4. The Natives of Australia are either brown 
or black. They are degraded savages. Like our 
Indian tribes, they are dying out. 

5. English Colonists are rapidly settling the 
country. Five separate colonies have been estab¬ 
lished. The entire continent belongs to England. 

Australia is famous for its sheep, and more wool 
is produced than in any other part of the world. 

Gold, copper and tin are found in great abun¬ 
dance, and many of the settlers are miners. 

The chief exports are wool, hides and gold. 

The largest cities are Sydney and Mel¬ 
bourne. 

6. New Zealand also belongs to England. It is 
famed for its immense forests, its flax and kauri 
ijeow'-re) gum. The flax grows nearly twenty feet 










MAP STUDIES. 

In what direction is Australia from Asia ? In what 
direction from the United States ? 

Use the scale and measure the distance from San 
Francisco to Sydney. From Singapore to Melbourne. 

What ocean southwest of Australia ? What ocean 
east ? What sea off the east coast ? What gulf on the 
north ? 

What bight on the south ? {Bight means bay.) 

Name the two important rivers of Australia. Where 
is Melbourne ? Sydney ? Brisbane ? Adelaide ? 

What island south of Australia ? What group of 
islands southeast ? 

What large island north of Australia ? 

Where is Java ? Where is Sumatra ? What strait 
between them ? 

What large island north of Java ? What islands 
northeast of Borneo ? 

What island south of the PliilippinesWhat islands 
between New Guinea and the Philij)piues ? 


Where are the Ladrone Islands ? What does the 
name mean ?—Ans. Thief Mauds. Why were they so 
called ? Ans. Magellan called them so Imcause the natives 
stole so many things f rom him when he visited them. 

At this time the islanders were ignorant of fire. Magellan 
burnt one of their villages to punish them for stealing. They 
supposed the fire to be a wild beast that fed on wooden houses. 

In what direction must you sail from Sydney to the 
Sandwich Islands ? 

Are most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean north or 
south of the Equator ? 

Where are the Feejee Islands ? To what power do 
they belong ?—Ans. To Great Britain. 

What can you say of the natives of the Feejee 
Islands ?—Ans. The Feejee Islanders are now nearly all 
converted to Christianity. Formerly they sacrificed human 
beings to their gods, and were canndxds. 

Through what large islands does the Equator pass ? 
What kind of a climate and vegetation must these 
islands have ? 

Which is warmer, the southern or the northern part 
of Australia ? 


































































OCEANIA.—LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 


liigli. The gum is dug from the ground. It is 
used in making varnish. Sheep-raising and min¬ 
ing are leading occupations, as in Australia. 

7. Oceania.—The Pacific Ocean is dotted with 
islands. Taken together they are called Oceania. 

8. Coral Islands.—Many of these islands are 
made by the little creatures called coral polyps. 

They are very soft, and look like tiny drops of jelly. 

They have something like bone inside of them, very 
small, but hard. These bony parts are built up into a 
great pile, one on top of the other, like so many very little 
bricks. Each polyp lays his little brick on top of the one 
below, and then he dies. His soft part is now washed 
away by the sea. His hard little brick remains in its place. 

Another polyp now begins to build himself upon the bones 
of his dead friend, and so they go on and on until, after a 
long, long time the pile is so high that it reaches nearly 
to the top of the water. The water sinks a little, and the 
top of the pile is left an island. 

9. The Inhabitants of Oceania are dark-skinned. 
Some are Malays, others are negroes. They are 
very remarkable swimmers and boatmen. 

The bread-fruit is the principal food on many of the 
islands. When baked it is like bread. 

10. Principal Islands.—The largest islands of 
Oceania are near the continent of Asia. 

Java { jah’-va) is the finest of them all. It be¬ 
longs to the Dutch. It is one of the great coffee- 
yielding countries of the world. 

Sumatra {soo-mali'-tra), Celebes {sel'-e-ieez), 
the Philippines and the Spice Islands are famed 
for their cloves, cinnamon, nutmegs and other 
spices. Borneo is noted for its gold and diamonds. 

The above are often called the East India Islands. 

New Guinea is famed for its pearls and birds- 
of-paradise. 

The Sandwich Islands are inhabited by Ma¬ 
lays who have become Christians. They have 
schools and churches. The products of the isl¬ 
ands are coffee, sugar and cotton. 

For Recitation. 

For what is Australia noted ? 

Australia is noted for its sheep, and its mines 
of gold and other metals. 


lOJ 


What are the chief products of New Zealand ? 

The ehief products of New Zealand are tim¬ 
ber, flax and kauri gum. 

Name the chief exports of the East India Islands. 

From the East India Islands we get coffee, 
spices and gutta-percha. 


LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 

LESSON LXIV. 

In measuring the length of your school-room 
you find yards and feet very convenient measures. 
For measuring the distance from one town to 
another miles are convenient. But for measuring 
great distances on the surface of the earth an¬ 
other measure is used called degree. 

Let me explain what a degree is. If you should travel 
round the earth from east to west, you would go in a ring 
or circle. If you went round it from north to south, and 
from south to north again, you would also go in a circle. 

Such circles are not really drawn on the surface of the 
earth. We only imagine them, and they are called imagi¬ 
nary circles. They are represented by the lines that you 
see on the map of the Hemispheres, and on other maps. 
These lines are drawh from north to south, and from east 
to west. Those drawn from north to south are called 
meridians. Those from east to west are called parallels. 

Every circle is supposed to be made up of 360 equal 
parts. Each one of the parts is called a degree. 

Now let US see how degrees are used in meas¬ 
uring distances on the surface of the earth. Dis¬ 
tance north or south is called Latitude. Dis¬ 
tance east or west is called Longitude. 

In measuring all distances we need, of course, 
a line or a point from which to reckon. 

We measure longitude from the meridian that 
passes through Greenwich, near London, or from 
the one that passes through Washington. 

The starting line for measuring latitude is the 
Equator, and therefore, when ive speak of the lat¬ 
itude of a place, we mean that it is so many de¬ 
grees north or south of the Equator. 

Look on the map on page 25, and you will see the words 
Gulf of Guinea on the coast of Africa, and below them o. 
This o is upon the Greenwich Meridian. All places tlirough 










104 


LATITUDE AND LON(J 1 T U DE.—RE V 1 E AVS. 


which this meridian passes are said to have no longitude. 
This is only another way of saying that they are neither 
east of the line nor west of it. The next meridian east 
of this line of no longitude is marked 20. This number 
means that all places on this meridian are 20 degrees east¬ 
ward of the Greenwich meridian. 

Now look to the west of the Greenwich meridian on 
mai), I^age 24, You see a number of meridians here also. 
Each one is 20 degrees from its neighbor. They might be 
drawn one or two or any number of degrees apart. 

Look again on map on page 25, and notice the parallels. 
They also are drawn 20 degrees apart, though they, too, 
might be drawn any other number of degrees apart. 

Now suppose I should say that a ship luid sailed 
to some islands in the Pacific Ocean that are 180 


I degrees from Greenwich. Looking at the maj) 
j you would see that the meridiau of 180 passes 
i through two groups of islands, the Feejee and 
; the Aleutian. But here you would be puzzled. 

How could you tell whether I meant the Aleutian 
I or the Feejee Islands ? I must tell you the lati- 
I tude as well as the longitude. If I say a ship 
sailed to the islands in the Pacific that are 180 
i degrees westward from Greenwich, and nearly 20 
* degrees south of the Equator, you can find the 
exact place on the map, and you see that the isl¬ 
ands meant are the Feejee Islands. 

Just so any placewliatever maybe found, if we 
know its latitude and longitude. 


REVIEWS. 


MISCELLANEOUS REVIEW. 

(Exclusive of review of United States, for review of whicii 
.«ce p. 61.) 

AVhich hemisphere contains the greater amount of 
hind ? Which is the largest continent ? The largest 
ocean ? The longest river ? 

AVhat are the cliief products of Canada ? AVhat can 
von sav of the fislieries of Newfoundland ? AA liat val¬ 
uable articles come from Greenland, Iceland and 
Alaska ? Describe the Esquimaux. Name some of the 
])roducts of Mexico. AVlnit insect forms a valuable ex- 
]K)rt ? What do we get from Central America. ? From 
the AA^est Indies ? AA'hat is the highest mountain range 
of South America ? AAduit is the great export of Bra¬ 
zil ? Of the Argentine Republic ? Chili ? Peru ? 
Name the largest city of South America. AAJiere is it ? 

AAdiat are the most celebrated mountains of Europe ? 
AA^hat are the chief rivers of Europe ? AA^hich is the 
most mountainous country of Europe ? The loxvest ? 
AAdiat country of Europe has possessions^ in every 
continent ? AA'here is the largest city in the world ? 
For wdiat is Scotland noted ? Wales ? Ireland ? What 
country of Europe is most noted for raising wheat ? 
AAdiere does cork grow ? AVhich are the wine-making 
countries of Europe ? Which country of Europe has 
the most ships and the greatest commerce ? AA^here is 
minino- for salt most largely carried on ? What conn- 
try supplies us with sidphur ? AAdiich export fruits ? 
Name some of the great cities of Europe. AVhich is 
the most densely populated country of Europe ? 

AVhat and where is the highest mountain in the 
world? AA^hat are the great rivers of India Of 

Bo 


China ? In what two countries do we find most of 
the population of Asia ? Of what nations is rice the 
principal food ? AAdiat nations make great use of the 
bamboo ? From what countries do we get tea ? AAdiat 
are the silk-growing countries of Asia ? AVhere in Asia 
is cotton grown ? AA^hat products come from Siberia ? 
AA'^hich ii^ the most jirogressive of the Asiatic nations ? 

AAdiat is the most interesting country of Africa ? 
AAdiat makes Egypt so fertile ? AA'^hat are the products 
of C'ajie C'olony ? From what port of Africa is ivory 
most largely exported ? From what region of Africa 
does palm-oil come ? For what is Australia noted ? 
New' Zealand ? AVhich is the most valuable of the 
East India Islands ? For what ])roduct is it famed ? 
From what islands do we get spices ? 

Topical Review. —Let pupils w'rite or tell what 
they know about any one of the following topics : 

Direction—Aleasurement of distance—Alaps—Shape 
of earth—Forms of land—Forms of water—Rotation 
of earth—Revolution of earth—Zones—Occupations of 
men—Government—Religion—Races of men—Condi¬ 
tions of society. 

Early settlement of North America—Surface of the 
United States—Occupations in the United States— 
Great crops of different portions of United States— 
The great cities (Seaports—Inland—Lake Ports). 

The climate of Europe — Products — Manufactures 
—Ex])orts—Imports. The products of Asia—Its ex¬ 
ports—Animals, w'ild and useful. Climate and pro¬ 
ducts of Africa—Exports. Plants and animals of Aus¬ 
tralia. Products and exports of Oceania. 

-83 











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